Final Exam (Unit 4: Astronomy)

Which planet has the most extreme temperature differences between day and night?

• Venus

• Earth

• Mercury

• Mars

The ​ ​ (a)   model places the Earth at the center of the universe, while the ​ ​ (b)   model places the Sun at the center. Additionally, ​ ​ (c)   used the phases of Venus as evidence for the latter model.

• geocentric
• heliocentric
• Galileo
• Kepler
• Copernicus
• Ptolemy
• Cosmological

Rank these celestial objects from least massive to most massive:

• Sun

• Moon

• Mars

• Jupiter

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-3

Which of the following observations supported the heliocentric model of the solar system?

• Retrograde motion of planets

• Phases of Venus

• Circular planetary orbits

• Moons orbiting Jupiter

• Lack of parallax in stars

Why is Venus hotter than Mercury, even though Mercury is closer to the Sun?

• Venus reflects more sunlight from its cloud layers

• Venus has a thicker atmosphere that traps infrared radiation

• Venus has a magnetic field that generates aurora

• Mercury absorbs more heat

Rank these objects in order of increasing orbital period (shortest to longest):

• Saturn

• Venus

• Pluto

• Asteroids in the Asteroid Belt

• Uranus

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-2

Which characteristics are true of the Moon’s orbit around Earth?

• It is perfectly circular

• It is tidally locked

• It causes eclipses at every full and new moon

• It has a perigee and apogee

• It’s slowly moving away from Earth

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

What astronomical discovery by Galileo most directly contradicted the geocentric model?

• Sunspots

• The Milky Way’s stars

• Jupiter’s moons

• Phases of the Moon

Kepler’s laws show that planets move in ​ (a)   , moving fastest at ​ (b)   , and that their orbital period squared is proportional to the cube of their ​ (c)   from the Sun.

• ellipses
• circles
• epicycloids
• perihelion
• aphelion
• perigee
• distance
• speed

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-1

NGSS.MS-ESS1-2

NGSS.MS-PS2-4

Which planet rotates in the opposite direction of its orbit (retrograde rotation)?

• Mercury

• Venus

• Jupiter

• Neptune