Fulcher

1. What is the main focus of Fulcher’s (2012) article?

• History of language testing

• Student learning strategies

• Assessment literacy for language teachers

• Standardized test creation

2. What triggered the increasing demand for assessment literacy?

• Global warming

• Decline in student performance

• Expansion of language testing in policy and practice

• Use of translation software

3. One external reason for the increased role of language testing is:

• Teachers’ preferences

• Immigration policies

• Students’ demands

• Low school enrollment

4. Which U.S. policy significantly impacted language assessment?

• Race to the Top

• Common Core

• No Child Left Behind

• Every Student Succeeds Act

5. 5. Fulcher criticizes existing language testing courses for being:

• Too expensive

• Too focused on fluency

• Unchanging and overly technical

• Easy and practical

6. The “skills + knowledge” model lacks which important dimension according to Davies (2008)?

• Vocabulary building

• Historical examples

• Principles and ethics

• Student self-assessment

7. What is meant by “washback” in language testing?

• Students forgetting after testing

• The influence of tests on teaching and learning

• Classroom conflict during assessments

• Misinterpretation of test results

8. What kind of survey design did Fulcher use?

• Fully closed-response

• Structured interviews

• Open-ended only

• Mixed-method with open and closed items

9. The inclusion of constructed-response questions early in the survey aimed to:

• Save time

• Increase random sampling

• Avoid bias from pre-defined answers

• Match textbook questions

10. According to the study, which area did teachers feel least confident about?

• Writing lesson plans

• Understanding statistics

• Marking essays

• Conducting interviews