politik

61.Which of the following relate to Orthodoxy in politics?

• A) Traditionalism

• B) Religious influence

• C) Western liberalism

• D) Conservatism

• E) Secularism

62.Which of the following are key features of modernization in Kazakhstan?

• A) Digitalization of public services

• B) Industrialization

• C) Spiritual renewal (Rukhani Zhangyru)

• E) Isolation from global markets

• F) Innovation support

63.Who developed the concept of the “ideal type”?

• A) Max Weber

• B) Emile Durkheim

• C) Karl Marx

• D) Auguste Comte

• E) Herbert Spencer

64.. Who are key figures in elite theory?

• A) Vilfredo Pareto

• B) Gaetano Mosca

• C) Robert Michels

• D) Max Weber

• E) Antonio Gramsci

65. Who are associated with socialism and Marxism?

• A) Karl Marx

• B) Friedrich Engels

• C) Antonio Gramsci

• D) Rosa Luxemburg

• E) Vladimir Lenin

66. What does “majority” mean in political terms?

• A) More than half of the votes

• B) A plurality of votes

• C) Minority representation

• D) Equal representation

• E) Consensus decision

67. What is impeachment?

• A) A process to remove a public official from office

• B) A vote of confidence

• C) A legislative amendment

• D) A judicial review

• E) A presidential pardon

68.What is the meaning of “orthodox” in political context?

• A) Adherence to traditional or established beliefs

• B) Radical reform

• C) Progressive ideology

• D) Secularism

• E) Populism

69. What are the main features of bureaucracy according to Max Weber?

• A) Hierarchy, rules, specialization

• B) Flexibility, informality, decentralization

• C) Charismatic leadership, spontaneity

• D) Democratic participation, consensus

• E) Market-driven management

70. Who is the author of The City of the Sun?

• A) Tommaso Campanella

• B) Thomas More

• C) Plato

• D) Augustine

• E) Cicero