Chemistry and Molecular Structure Quiz

What property of fluorine makes PFAS chemicals challenging to degrade and also makes fluoride effective for preventing tooth decay?

• High electronegativity and strong bonds to carbon

• Low electronegativity and weak bonds to carbon

• High atomic mass and large size

• Low atomic mass and small size

How are the carbon atoms represented in the different visualizations of a soap molecule?

• By the letter "C" in (a), vertices in (b), and black spheres in (c)

• By the letter "H" in (a), vertices in (b), and white spheres in (c)

• By the letter "O" in (a), vertices in (b), and red spheres in (c)

• By the letter "N" in (a), vertices in (b), and blue spheres in (c)

Which parts of the soap molecule are nonpolar and hydrophobic?

• The carbon chains on the left side

• The polar heads on the right side

• The ionic parts bonded to Na

• The entire molecule

How do the polar and nonpolar regions make soaps effective for cleaning fats and oils?

• Nonpolar tails interact with fats, polar heads interact with water

• Polar tails interact with fats, nonpolar heads interact with water

• Both regions repel water

• Both regions attract fats

What cations contribute to hard water?

• Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Fe²⁺

• Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻

• H⁺, OH⁻, and CO₃²⁻

• SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and PO₄³⁻

What is the definition of oxidation in redox reactions?

• Gain of electrons

• Loss of electrons

• Gain of protons

• Loss of protons

How can we think about reduction and oxidation in terms of oxygen?

• Gain of oxygen is reduction

• Loss of oxygen is oxidation

• Gain of oxygen is oxidation

• Oxygen is not involved

What are half reactions in redox processes?

• Reactions where only protons are transferred

• Reactions where electrons are either gained or lost

• Reactions that do not involve energy changes

• Reactions that occur only in acidic solutions

Why is redox potential considered a key variable in environmental systems?

• It determines the color of the soil.

• It influences the solubility, state of matter, and bioavailability of elements.

• It controls the temperature of the environment.

• It affects the gravitational pull of the Earth.

In the reaction where chromium reacts with oxygen gas to form chromium oxide, what role does chromium play?

• Electron acceptor

• Electron donor

• Catalyst

• Inhibitor