Five-minute quiz IO6

According to Caldwell/Danieli (2024): What are potential reasons for having a low Outside Options Index (OOI)?

• High competition in the market
• Strong financial stability
• Specialized skill set

• Low willingness to commute

Which statements about men and women in the German workforce in 2014 are true? Multiple answers may be correct.

• A lower percentage of men worked part-time

• Women earned less than men

• Men worked closer to home

• Women worked at smaller firms

Which socio-demographic factors are linked to a higher Outside Options Index (according to the paper)? Multiple answers may be correct.

• Having a higher education

• Being over 50 years old

• Living in a large city

• Being a German citizen

How do Caldwell/Danieli (2024) address the issue of endogeneity?

• They use instrumental variable techniques and robustness checks.
• They apply fixed effects models and time series analysis.
• They use simple linear regression without any adjustments.
• They ignore the issue and focus on descriptive statistics.

Can you think of any policies (other than better childcare) that would reduce women's commuting constraints, potentially decreasing the gender pay gap?