Memory Quiz 2 22.05.25 Memory and Eyewitness Testimony Quiz

• Participants changed unfamiliar parts of the story to familiar ideas in line with their schemas: canoes and paddles became boats and oars, hunting seals became fishing.

• confabulation

• Substitution

• Focusing

• Giving in

• coming up with explanations for baffling parts of the story. For example, in later reproductions, participants missed out the “ghosts” and just described a battle between Native American tribes.

• Rationalisation

• Thinking

• Memory conformity

• Response bias

Which effect describes the phenomenon where witnesses focus on a weapon during a crime, impairing their ability to recall other details?

• Tunnel theory

• Weapon focus effect

• Memory substitution

• Yerkes-Dodson law

Who conducted the "War of the Ghosts" study, which demonstrated the reconstructive nature of memory?

• Loftus and Palmer (1974)

• Bartlett (1932)

• Gabbert et al. (2003)

• Yuille and Cutshall (1986)

What is the main finding from Gabbert et al. (2003) regarding memory conformity?

They showed participants a video of a girl stealing money from a wallet and tested their recall of the offence either individually or in co-witness pairs; participants in pairs had unknowingly seen different perspectives where only one person had witnessed the girl stealing.

• 88% accuracy in high-stress witnesses

• 71% of participants reported information they had not seen

• No difference between groups

• Weapon focus effect was strongest with a raw chicken

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law (inverted U theory) suggest about the relationship between anxiety and memory performance?

• Memory improves as anxiety increases indefinitely

• Memory is best at moderate levels of anxiety

• Memory is worst at moderate levels of anxiety

• Anxiety has no effect on memory

Which study provided support for the Yerkes-Dodson law by interviewing people after a hurricane?

• Parker et al. (2006)

• Pickel (1998)

• Valentine and Mesout (2009)

• Kohnken et al. (1999)

What is the main feature of the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)? E.g. Use appropriate eye contact

• and encourage the witness to speak slowly

• It uses misleading questions

• It incorporates social dynamics and cognitive techniques to improve recall

• It focuses only on visual memory

• It discourages witnesses from talking

While seated in a waiting room, participants heard an argument in the next room; in the low anxiety condition, a man walked out of the room holding a pen with greasy hands whilst in the high anxiety condition, participants heard breaking glass and a man walked out holding a paper knife covered in blood. The participants were then asked to choose the man from 50 photos.

• Johnson and Scott (1976)

• Loftus and Palmer (1974)

• Yuille and Cutshall (1986)

• Bodner et al. (2009)

Which study warned participants about the possibility of post-event discussion (PED) affecting their memory?

• Bodner et al. (2009)

• Pickel (1998)

• Valentine and Mesout (2009)

• Kohnken et al. (1999)