Practice 1

The _____ is the gap between what a learner has already mastered (actual level of development) and what he or she can achieve when provided with educational support:

• Learning opportunity

• Zone of Proximal Development

• Scaffolding

• Actual development level

In Piaget's conservation experiment involving coins, a child is shown two rows of coins that are equal in length and number. Then, one row is spread out to make it appear longer. What does this experiment primarily test about the child's cognitive abilities?

• The child's ability to recognize change in appearance despite no change in quantity.

• The child's skill in sorting and categorizing objects by size.

• The child's comprehension of the physical properties of objects.

• The child's understanding of numerical addition and subtraction.

In Jean Piaget's Three-Mountain Task, a child is asked to describe what a doll sees from various angles of a model with three mountains. What is Piaget trying to assess through this task?

• The child's ability to understand conservation of mass and volume.

• The child's understanding of the perspective-taking ability of others.

• The child's ability to solve problems involving spatial reasoning.

• The child's ability to recognize physical objects in space.

Which psychologist is responsible for developing a theory of cognitive development that includes the concept of object permanence?

• Lev Vygotsky.

• Jean Piaget

• Skinner

• Freud

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children develop the concept of:

• Conservation

• Object permanence

• Hypothetical thinking.

• Logical reasoning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of descriptive research?

• Uses numerical data.

• It allows us to predict future events and identify relationships.

• It provides valuable information about educational topics.

• It uses tools such as tests, surveys, and observations.

Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research?

• Correlational

• Experimental

• Ethnographic

• Descriptive

Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is influenced by:

• Independent exploration.

• Biological maturation.

• Social interaction and culture

• formal education

The pre-operational stage, as described by Piaget, includes individuals in which of the following age groups?

• Birth to 2 years

• 2 to 7 years

• 7 to 11 years

• 12 years and above

One of the criticisms of Vygotsky's theory is:

• It does not consider the role of language in the development.

• It does not consider the role of social interaction in development.

• It does not adequately consider the role of culture in the development.

• It fails to account for the impact of individual experiences and their influence on cognitive development.