The main muscle involved in the normal inspiration process is...

• Sternocleidomastoid

• Diaphragm

• Internal intercostal

• Abdominal

• Trapezius

The component of the respiratory center that is most sensitive to changes in PaCO₂ is...

• Peripheral chemoreceptors

• J receptors

• Central chemoreceptors

• Irritant receptors

• Stretch receptors

Decreased lung compliance can occur in the following conditions, except:

• Pulmonary fibrosis

• Pulmonary edema

• Emphysema

• Atelectasis

• ARDS

A patient with increased PaCO₂, increased HCO₃, and pH approaching normal. This indicates...

• Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

• Respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation

• Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

• Metabolic alkalosis

• Mixed disorder

The volume that cannot be expelled even with maximal expiration is...

• TV

• IRV

• ERV

• RV

• VC

A patient is experiencing hyperventilation. What is the effect on PaCO₂ and pH?

• PaCO₂ ↑, pH ↓

• PaCO₂ ↓, pH ↑

• PaCO₂ ↑, pH ↑

• PaCO₂ ↓, pH ↓

• No change

V/Q mismatch most often occurs in...

• Pleural effusion

• Pneumonia

• COPD

• Pulmonary embolism

• Asthma

The Haldane effect is...

• Oxygenated Hb binds CO₂ more strongly

• Deoxygenated Hb binds CO₂ more strongly

• CO₂ decreases O₂ affinity for Hb

• Increased pH increases Hb affinity for O₂

• O₂ decreases Hb affinity for H⁺

Increased negative intrapleural pressure occurs during...?

• Inspiration

• Expiration

• Valsalva

• Apnea

• Coughing

The part of the nervous system that regulates automatic respiration is...

• Motor cortex

• Medulla oblongata

• Hypothalamus

• Cerebellum

• Pons