高二下期末考前 Ivy 複習 (5月w2~6月w3)

The International Space Station (ISS) orbits 400 kilometers above Earth, serving as both home and workplace for astronauts. These space travelers typically spend up to six months on the station, ​ (a)   important research in biology, physics, and astronomy. Their experiments help scientists understand how life works in space and create new technologies that help people on Earth. Construction of the ISS began in 1998 and represents amazing international ​ (b)   between Canada, the European Union, Japan, Russia, and the United States. The final major ​ (c)   was added in 2011, making it one of history's greatest engineering achievements. Today, astronauts from these countries and others work together peacefully while looking down at Earth. The station is ​ (d)   - about the size of a football field - but the living space equals only a five-bedroom house with a long, narrow design. It contains sleeping quarters for six astronauts, a gym, and work areas. Life aboard the ISS is quite different from Earth. There's no refrigerator or microwave, so astronauts eat freeze-dried foods from tubes and pouches. Drinking water comes from recycled sources, including air moisture and even crew urine. However, this water is ​ (e)   filtered and purified, making it cleaner than most Earth water.

• conducting
• thoroughly
• collaboration
• component
• massive
• dull
• deliberately

Living on the ISS is not easy because of the absence of gravity. Astronauts must ​ (a)   themselves into sleeping bags to prevent them from floating away while sleeping. They also need to exercise for about two hours a day using specialized equipment. Even with this effort, microgravity can still cause muscle loss, lower bone ​ (b)   , and changes in the cardiovascular system. Upon returning to Earth, extensive rehabilitation is required for them to recover. Despite these ​ (c)   , many astronauts say their time on the ISS is a life-changing experience. One of the most exciting parts is the ​ (d)   view of Earth. The ISS travels at about 28,000 kilometers per hour and completes a full ​ (e)   around Earth every 92 minutes. This means astronauts can see 16 sunrises and sunsets every day. These views give them a new way of seeing the world—from shining city lights to wide oceans and large landscapes. Many astronauts say this beautiful and unusual perspective helps them appreciate the planet even more.

• strap
• density
• challenges
• breathtaking
• orbit
• structure
• assignment

The history of chefs’ hats, or toques (also called toques blanches), dates back to ancient times. In the 7th century BC, Assyrian chefs were ​ (a)   by King Ashurbanipal to wear tall hats because of his fear of being poisoned. He wanted to easily identify his chefs for his own safety. However, the modern version of the toque was introduced much later by the 19th-century French chef Marie-Antoine Carême. Carême believed that the hat should be a ​ (b)   symbol in the kitchen. The taller the hat, the greater the chef’s expertise and experience. In fact, Carême’s own toque reportedly stood 18 inches tall and was ​ (c)   by cardboard. Another way chefs showed their skill was through the number of folds on the hat—some had 100, with each fold ​ (d)   a cooking technique the chef had mastered. Today, chefs’ hats vary in both color and form. While traditional toques are white to indicate cleanliness, modern chefs may wear darker hats, headgear like baseball caps or bandanas, or none at all. Still, hats serve a ​ (e)   purpose: keeping sweat and hair out of food.

• required
• status
• reinforced
• practical
• realistic
• forbidden
• representing

Coffee prices have reached new highs after nearly half a century due to poor weather in Brazil and Vietnam. The last time such prices were recorded was in 1977, when snow destroyed coffee plantations in Brazil. ​ (a)   for nearly half of the world’s Arabica bean supply, Brazil experienced its worst drought in 70 years during August and September last year, ​ (b)   heavy rains in October. Vietnam, which accounts for about 40% of global Robusta bean production, also faced ​ (c)   and heavy rainfall last year. 　　Farmers will ​ (d)   from the new price of US$3.35 per pound for Arabica, but traders will suffer as they face higher costs. Major coffee roasters like Nestlé have already started ​ (e)   their prices, prompting consumers to seek more affordable options.

• Responsible
• droughts
• benefit
• followed by
• raising
• rising
• floods

The European Union (EU) has officially welcomed Bulgaria and Romania as full members of its Schengen Area. While restrictions on air and sea travel had been ​ (a)   earlier, land border controls were held up due to an objection from Austria over ​ (b)   about illegal migration. 　　The Schengen Area, the largest zone of free movement in the world, now ​ (c)   25 of the 27 EU member states. More than 425 million EU citizens, as well as those living in or visiting the Area, can travel and work without facing ​ (d)   regulations at border checkpoints. However, ​ (e)   over security and migration occasionally cause friction between member states. For example, Germany temporarily brought back border controls last year to combat illegal migration.

• concerns
• consists of
• excessive
• tensions
• lifted

Psychologists ​ (a)   the term "Stockholm syndrome," to describe the phenomenon of hostages developing positive feelings towards their captors. The term's usage later ​ (b)   to include people in abusive relationships who maintain emotional attachment to their abusers. Psychologists aren't entirely sure why some people develop Stockholm syndrome while others don't. However, the general ​ (c)   is that this behavior reflects a survival mechanism. When victims show understanding and please their captor, they may be treated better. Many victims don't realize they've developed Stockholm syndrome. Sometimes victims grow close to captors because they have no other social interaction, leading to ​ (d)   where victims rely on abusers for survival and emotional needs. This twists perception, causing victims to create excuses for abusive behavior or blame themselves. Since Stockholm syndrome is psychological, there's no specific ​ (e)   treatment. Victims need emotional support and counseling to recognize the unhealthy relationship and break their bond with the abuser.

• coined
• expanded
• consensus
• dependency
• medical
• physical
• reduced
• restriction

According to the Chinese calendar, 2025 is the Year of the Snake, so people are showing these animals extra appreciation. Snakes feature in myths and symbols of many cultures worldwide. While some stories describe them as clever and wise, other tales ​ (a)   them as cruel and treacherous. In nature, however, snakes are an amazing product of evolution. As ​ (b)   , snakes are cold-blooded, meaning they cannot generate their own body heat. Instead, they must absorb heat from their surroundings, making winter temperatures dangerous for them. Scientists believe that millions of years ago, snakes evolved from lizards that ​ (c)   underground to escape predators. This environment caused their bodies to become long and thin, and their arms and legs disappeared. Over time, snakes developed their incredible wave-like movement, allowing them to slither effortlessly across different surfaces. Their physical adaptations continue ​ (d)   movement. Another significant evolutionary change in snakes is their vision. Because early snakes adapted to living underground and hunting at night, their eyelids eventually developed into clear scales called brille. These special scales keep their eyes ​ (e)   , protect them from dust, and ensure clear vision despite being unable to blink. Some day-active snakes have yellow-tinted lenses over their eyes for UV protection, like sunglasses. The brille covering snakes' eyes sheds periodically with their skin, maintaining clear vision throughout life.

• depict
• reptiles
• burrowed
• beyond
• moist
• upon
• slithered

The bob cut, a haircut to the chin or ears, is a popular hairstyle for females of all ages. While often associated with self-expression, the bob cut originally emerged for practical reasons. Irene Castle, the American dancer ​ (a)   with popularizing this hairstyle, chose to cut her hair short before having surgery followed by a hospital stay. She thought short hair would be easier to wash and take care of. This practical act attracted public attention when Vogue featured it in an article the following year. It sparked a fashion ​ (b)   , leading many to follow suit. The bob cut's initial popularity was restricted by a ​ (c)   of skilled hairdressers, though. With experience only in long hairstyles, many were hesitant to attempt such a bold cut. As a result, many women turned to barbershops since barbers were more willing to try the daring haircut. Realizing that the bob cut wasn't just temporary fashion, hairdressers eventually ​ (d)   its popularity. The beauty industry was significantly boosted by this change. The US saw a sharp increase from 5,000 hairdressing shops in 1920 to 21,000 by 1924. The influence of the bob cut extended beyond beauty salons, shaping fashion trends and accessories like cloche hats and bobby pins. These bell-shaped hats could rest comfortably without messing up the bob cut. This ​ (e)   became a defining element of 1920s fashion.

• credited
• revolution
• yielded to
• shortage
• pairing

Snakes are often feared for their venom, but not all species are venomous. Out of over 3,000 species of snakes, only about 450 produce venom. These snakes inject toxins into their prey through hollow fangs, which are capable of ​ (a)   skin. A venomous bite can be deadly. As many as 100,000 people die from snakebites every year. However, over the past few decades, scientists have used snake venom to develop antivenom and other medical ​ (b)   , saving countless lives in the process. One of the most ​ (c)   features of snakes is their forked tongue. Snakes use their tongues to ​ (d)   their environment and hunt prey. For many years, scientists were puzzled by the Y-shape of a snake's tongue and its flicking motion. In the 1900s, researchers discovered that a snake's tongue is directly linked to its sense of smell. On the roof of a snake's mouth are two small round organs that connect to the nose. As the snake flicks its tongue, it picks up tiny particles from the air and transfers them to these organs for analysis. This allows the snake to "smell" its surroundings in stereo, ​ (e)   odors from two separate points at once. The snake's forked tongue enables it to track prey more precisely, gathering information from multiple directions simultaneously.

• piercing
• treatments
• navigate
• iconic
• sensing
• connecting
• examine

To many, the destruction of a historic building is a terrible sight. Some even consider it a tragedy. Fortunately, there are methods ​ (a)   to preserve old but still valuable structures. One of these is called “adaptive reuse.” It involves giving new purposes to buildings that have fallen out of use and are unable to meet today’s ​ (b)   . For instance, developers might take an old power station and turn it into housing for homeless people. 　　Besides preserving architectural heritage and cultural traditions, the ​ (c)   of adaptive reuse is driven by other important objectives, such as transforming neglected urban areas into dynamic spaces or promoting social development within communities. Despite their varied focuses, these approaches share a ​ (d)   goal: extending the useful life of buildings as society changes and technology advances. 　　Adaptive reuse makes sense from both ​ (e)   and environmental perspectives. It offers immediate cost savings by eliminating the need for tearing down existing buildings and the associated expenses of creating new structures and sourcing materials. By embracing adaptive reuse, old buildings can be turned into distinctive community landmarks. Their novel uses combined with historical charm often attract tourists and thus promote the growth of the local tourism industry.

• common
• economic
• demands
• practice
• available
• practical