PSY 221 CH3.2

Primary emotions (e.g., joy, fear) differ from self-conscious emotions (e.g., guilt, shame) in that the latter require:

• Biological maturation only

• A sense of self-awareness and "me"

• External reinforcement

• Language development

A newborn's pain cry is characterized by:

• A sudden, loud, non-phasic pattern with no preliminary moaning

• A rhythmic pattern with fussing sounds

• Cooing followed by silence

• Mimicking adult speech

Stranger anxiety peaks around 9 months due to:

• Cognitive advances in memory and perception

• Lack of exposure to any humans

• Overstimulation by caregivers

• Biological immaturity of the amygdala

Temperament classifications (Chess & Thomas) include "difficult children," who typically exhibit:

• Low adaptability and intense reactions

• High sociability and regularity

• Slow but positive responses to novelty

• No emotional expressions

Goodness of fit refers to:

• Genetic determinism of temperament

• Matching parenting style to a child's temperament

• The universality of attachment styles

• Cultural norms for emotional expression

Self-recognition in mirrors typically emerges by:

• 6 months

• 12 months

• 15-18 months

• 3 years

Erikson's autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage is resolved positively when caregivers:

• Overprotect the infant

• Encourage independent exploration

• Ignore the infant's needs

• Prioritize social conformity

A 4-month-old's reflexive smile during sleep suggests:

• Social bonding

• Subcortical brain activity

• Imitation of caregivers

• Attachment security

Separation protest is most intense when:

• The caregiver leaves abruptly without warning

• The infant is distracted by toys

• The infant has high effortful control

• The caregiver is emotionally unavailable

Effortful control (Rothbart & Bates) is linked to later:

• Aggression

• Self-regulation and executive function

• Social withdrawal

• Language delays