IB Economics: Barriers to Growth and Development

Which of the following is a significant consequence of gender inequality in developing countries?

• Increased access to social and economic opportunities for women and girls.

• Limited access to social and economic opportunities for women and girls compared to men and boys.

• Equal access to education for all genders.

• Higher wages for women than men.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of growth that impede the development process, as described by the UN Development Programme?

• Jobless growth

• Ruthless growth

• Sustainable growth

• Voiceless growth

Which composite indicator measures how well nations are doing at achieving long, happy, and sustainable lives for their people?

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Gender Inequality Index (GII)

• Happy Planet Index (HPI)

• Gross National Income (GNI)

Which of the following best defines economic development?

• Only an increase in per capita income levels.

• A multidimensional concept involving improvements in living standards, reductions in poverty, increased access to health care and education, and reduced inequalities of income and wealth.

• The growth of a country's population.

• The expansion of a country's military power.

If a country has a higher HDI than GNI per capita rank, what does this imply about the country's development?

• The country has a lower level of human development than its income suggests.

• The country has a higher level of human development than its income suggests.

• The country is not measured by HDI.

• The country has no income inequality.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)?

• To measure only the economic growth of a country

• To adjust the Human Development Index for inequality in each dimension

• To compare the happiness levels of different countries

• To measure only gender inequality in a country

How do developed economies limit the ability of developing countries to access international markets?

• By providing no support to their own farmers

• By providing large agricultural subsidies and imposing trade barriers

• By encouraging free trade without restrictions

• By investing in developing countries’ infrastructure

Why does economic growth not always guarantee economic development?

• Because economic growth is unrelated to living standards.

• Because economic development requires economic growth, but there are many barriers such as inequality, lack of access to health care, education, infrastructure, and technology.

• Because economic growth always leads to increased poverty.

• Because economic development is only about increasing exports.

Economic growth does not necessarily lead to development because, according to the UN Development Programme, it can occur without improvements in areas such as employment, equity, sustainability, or participation. Which type of growth described by the UNDP highlights this issue?

• Jobless, ruthless, futureless, or voiceless growth

• Inclusive and sustainable growth

• Balanced and equitable growth

• Rapid and consistent growth

The poverty cycle can be transmitted across generations when:

• Children inherit wealth from their parents, breaking the cycle.

• Children are caught in the same poverty trap as their parents, limiting both generations' possibilities for higher earnings.

• Children always have access to better education than their parents.

• The government provides enough resources to break the cycle for every generation.