Ricky just completed a 2-hour cardio session at the gym. To cool the body down after an intensive workout, his body ______.

increases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity

increases sudoriferous apocrine gland activity

decreases sudoriferous apocrine gland activity

decreases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity

Compare the role of collagen and hydroxyapatite in bone physiology.

Hydroxyapatite provides protection against compressive forces, while collagen protects against bone flexing.

Collagen provides protection against compressive forces, while hydroxyapatite protects against bone flexing.

Collagen stores calcium within bone, while hydroxyapatite determines bone length.

Both hydroxyapatite and collagen act as a template for bone growth.

Select the answer that correctly describes the cells involved in bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts remove old bone, while osteoblasts form new bone.

Osteoclast form new bone, osteocytes remodel existing bone, and osteoblasts remove old bone.

Osteoclasts remove osteons in the diaphysis, while osteoblasts form new bone on the epiphyses of bone.

Osteoclasts decrease bone diameter as a response to mechanical stresses.

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate plasma calcium levels when they are too low?

By stimulating osteoclast activity to release stored calcium into the blood.

By increasing activity of osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bones.

By enhancing calcitonin secretion for promoting calcium absorption.

By promoting increased excretion of calcium through the kidneys.

Which of the following best explains the difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?

Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage to form most of the skeleton.

Endochondral ossification forms membranous bones from fibrous membranes.

Intramembranous ossification replaces most of the fetal skeleton with hyaline cartilage.

Intramembranous ossification involves bone formation through hyaline cartilage.

According to the principle highlighted by Wolff’s Law, what happens to bones when subjected to consistent mechanical stress?

Bones remodel to become denser and stronger.

Bones maintain their current density and structure.

Bones become less dense and undergo deterioration.

Bones become more flexible and elastic.

How do joint classifications inform their functionality and potential for movement?

By the type of connective tissue and joint movement allowed.

By the presence of a joint capsule only.

By the stability the joint provides.

By the joint's location in the body.

What is a distinguishing feature of biaxial synovial joints compared to uniaxial joints?

They have two axes of rotation, allowing for movements like abduction and circumduction.

They possess three axes of rotation and allow for circumduction.

They have no identifiable axis of rotation and allow for gliding movements.

They share only one axis of rotation and are limited to hinge-like movements.

What role, if any, does synovial fluid play in joint homeostasis?

Synovial fluid lowers friction between moving parts.

Synovial fluid provides nutrients to and removes wastes from chondrocytes.

Blood vessels in the joint space release oxygen to the synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid does not have a role in homeostasis.

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint?

a tooth articulating with its socket in the jaw

the two parietal bones of the skull articulating with each other

a vertebral body articulating with a neighboring vertebral body

an epiphysis articulating with a diaphysis

Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis __________.

affects only small joints, while rheumatoid arthritis only affects large joints

is characterized by joint inflammation

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between stratum corneum and stratum basale?

The stratum basale has dividing cells; the stratum corneum does not.

The stratum basale contains blood vessels; the stratum corneum does not.

The stratum basale has lost all organelles; the stratum corneum has not.

The stratum corneum is directly next to the hypodermis; the stratum basale is more superficial.

Why do keratinocytes die once they reach the top of the epidermis?

They are cut off from nutrients.

They die as a result of releasing melanin.

They die as a result of desquamation.

Which statement best describes the difference between thick and thin skin?

The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.

Keratinocytes are only found in thin skin.

The stratum basale is only found in thick skin.

Keratohyalin is only found in the stratum basale.

What is the importance of melanin in the integumentary system?

Melanin provides protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation.

Melanin allows the skin to resist physical abrasion from friction.

Melanin is needed for the correct epidermal thickness in areas of the body that experience friction.

Melanin provides the substrate for vitamin D synthesis.

Candace is pan frying some chicken over the stovetop on high heat when she accidentally bumps the edge of her hand onto the pan. After running the burned area over cooled water, she notices that the area has begun to blister. This is due to damage between which two layers?

stratum basale and dermal papillary layer

dermal papillary layer and dermal reticular layer

Which of the following is the best definition of the axial skeleton?

the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae

all the bones in the body above the belt

all the bones in the body below the belt

all the bones that make up the limbs

Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the skeletal system?

to provide a reservoir of collagen

to work with muscles to move tissues

to protect the central nervous system from mechanical trauma

to provide a reservoir of calcium and phosphate

Compare the function of osteoclasts to osteocytes.

Osteocytes maintain existing bone, while osteoclasts resorb bone.

Osteoclasts resorb bone, while osteocytes make new bone.

Osteocytes resorb bone, while osteoclasts remodel bone.

Osteoclasts are stem cells that give rise to all of the other cells found within bones.

Predict what would happen if the epiphyseal plate never ossified.

Long bones would continue growing in length

Long bones would never grow to full length.

Compact bone would not form into long bones.

Calcium would be lost from epiphyseal lines.

What is the purpose of the costal groove of a rib?

It is a conduit for nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

It is where the numerically corresponding vertebrae articulates with the rib.

It is where the ribs attach to the sternum.

It is where the costal cartilage begins.

I anticipate that if the skull were to be comprised of a single piece of bone, it would lead to ______.

improved protection of the brain, but the skull would not allow for any changes in brain size during growth

a requirement for larger muscles to move the skull

smaller muscles needed to move the skull

many more fossa or foramina in the skull

Hypothesize how a pregnancy would affect vertebrae curvature.

The lumbar curvature would be greater.

The cervical curvature would be greater.

The lumbar curvature would be less.

The thoracic curvature would be less.

Which statement best distinguishes the difference between concentric lamellae and perforating canals inside bones?

Concentric lamellae are cylindrical structures within osteons; perforating canals are perpendicular channels that connect neighboring osteons.

Concentric lamellae are a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to enter osteons; perforating canals directly connect the fluid surrounding osteocytes.

Perforating canals are a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to enter osteons; concentric lamellae are small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes.

Concentric lamellae are small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes; perforating canals directly connect the fluid surrounding osteocytes.

Which statement best describes how constant exercise would change the likelihood of osteoporosis in older women?

Exercise at any age increases bone density, which is decreased by osteoporosis.

Exercise increases the removal of osteoporotic bone by osteoclasts.

Exercise can increase the likelihood of osteoporosis if there is insufficient phosphate in the diet.

Constant exercise has been shown to have no effect on the course of osteoporosis.

BIOL 2401 Exam 2 Review

Authored by Akino Agaca

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MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following is a function of the skin?

sensory organ for pain¸ vibration¸ and changes in temperature

protection against excessive water loss

aids in the synthesis of vitamin D

involved in thermoregulation of the body

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

How do melanocytes contribute to the function of the epidermis?

They produce keratin for waterproofing

They act as antigen-presenting cells for immune response.

They are found in all layers including the stratum corneum.

They produce pigment for UV protection.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which factor is NOT directly responsible for affecting skin pigmentation?

Degree of transfer within the dermis

Type of melanin produced

Size and number of melanosomes produced

Thickness of the hypodermis

What is the correct sequence of the epidermal layers from the outermost to the innermost layer in thick skin?

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, Stratum lucidum

Stratum lucidum, Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

layer of the epidermis that is NOT found in thin skin.

Stratum lucidum

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Vitamin D3 is important for the absorption of what biologically important ion?

potassium

calcium

iron

magnesium

nitrogen

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following statements best describes the primary functions of the dermis?

Supports epidermis and provides sensory functions.

Serves as a major site for keratinocyte production.

Specializes in pigmentation and vitamin D production.

Acts as a protective barrier against pathogens.

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BIOL 2401 Exam 2 Review

Which of the following is a function of the skin?

How do melanocytes contribute to the function of the epidermis?

Which factor is NOT directly responsible for affecting skin pigmentation?

What is the correct sequence of the epidermal layers from the outermost to the innermost layer in thick skin?

layer of the epidermis that is NOT found in thin skin.

Vitamin D3 is important for the absorption of what biologically important ion?

Which of the following statements best describes the primary functions of the dermis?

What is a primary function of the hypodermis in the integumentary system?

Ricky just completed a 2-hour cardio session at the gym. To cool the body down after an intensive workout, his body ______.

The epiphyses of long bones are covered by ______.

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