23/06

As a person ages, the total amount of time that they spend asleep each night

• decreases, while the proportion of time spent in REM sleep increases

• decreases, while the proportion of time spent in NREM increases

• increases, while the proportion of time spent in NREM also increases

• decreases, with no change to the proportion of time spent in REM/NREM

Alison is in Year 11. On most weeknights she goes to bed after her parents as she does not feel sleepy until midnight. She gets up each weekday morning at 6am to go to school but feels tired most school days. On weekends, however, she often sleeps uninterrupted until 10am.

Compared to her parents, Alison is likely to take longer to feel tired at night due to

• a lack of melatonin

• decrease in melatonin

• delayed secretion of melatonin

• advanced secretion of melatonin

Which of the following is not a typical behavioural symptom of sleep deprivation?

• slow reflexes

• heightened anxiety

• microsleeps

• balance and coordination issues

Tom is a 17-year-old student preparing for final exams. Over the last week, he has averaged only 5 hours of sleep per night. He reports feeling moody, having difficulty concentrating, and occasionally experiencing microsleeps during class.

Which type of sleep disturbance is Tom most likely experiencing?

• sleep-onset insomnia

• partial sleep deprivation

• full sleep deprivation

• delayed sleep phase syndrome

Tom is a 17-year-old student preparing for final exams. Over the last week, he has averaged only 5 hours of sleep per night. He reports feeling moody, having difficulty concentrating, and occasionally experiencing microsleeps during class.

When Tom is studying late at night, which zeitgeber is likely to have the largest influence on his sleep-wake patterns?

• Natural light
• Temperature changes
• Artificial light
• Social interactions

The following diagram shows the proportion of time spent in REM and NREM sleep over an 8-hour sleep period.
Based on the data, what conclusion can be drawn about the sleep cycle?

• NREM sleep becomes deeper across the night

• REM sleep decreases in duration later in the night

• REM sleep periods lengthen as the night progresses

• Deep NREM sleep (Stage 3/4) occurs mostly in the final hours of sleep

For those experiencing a Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS), short naps throughout the day can lead to partial sleep deprivation symptoms. Which of the following accurately represents the symptom and its cause?

• increased hyperactive behaviour, more time spent in NREM Stage 2 throughout sleep-wake cycle enhances energy levels

• shortened attention span, reduced amount of REM sleep due to short daytime naps

• decreased alertness, lack of NREM Stage 3 throughout the short daytime nap inhibits emotional resilience

• decreased irritability, overall increase in duration of sleep across the circadian rhythm

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) and Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD)?

• Both are equally common with the elderly

• Both result from not receiving enough light early in the morning

• Both feature the presence of long periods of REM sleep early in the sleep episode

• Neither result in any sleep deprivation if the person can sleep and wake up at times dictated by their body clock

A study was conducted on 24 healthy Year 10 students. Half of the participants were administered 30 minutes of BLT each morning for 4 weeks. The other half did not use any BLT. Participants were then tested on their amount of beta brain-waves while awake in the early morning using an EEG and a mathematics test performance.

Which explanation best accounts for the results from this study?

• BLT can delay sleep onset and increase total sleep time

• BLT reduces melatonin release, thus enhancing neurotransmission throughout the brain

• Melatonin can activate parts of the amygdala that are used in higher-order mathematics problems

• There is a positive relationship between beta wave patterns and higher levels of awareness

A study was conducted on 24 healthy Year 10 students. Half of the participants were administered 30 minutes of BLT each morning for 4 weeks. The other half did not use any BLT. Participants were then tested on their amount of beta brain-waves while awake in the early morning using an EEG and a mathematics test performance.

The investigation methodology would be considered a

• correlational study

• controlled experiment using mixed design

• controlled experiment using within-subjects design

• controlled experiment using between-subjects design