UAS Mangrove and Coral Ecosystems

According to West Java Regional Regulation No.1 of 2013, a mangrove area is defined as:

• A coastal area always flooded by seawater

• An inland forest that receives tidal water seasonally

• A coastal zone regularly flooded by seawater and influenced by tides

• A wetland not affected by climate or tidal activity

Karangsong mangrove ecotourism is located in:

• Indradiri, Sumatra

• Indramayu, West Java

• Pontianak, Kalimantan

• Subang, West Java

The first mangrove planting effort in Karangsong took place in:

• 2001

• 2006

• 2008

• 2014

Simple wave breakers in Karangsong were installed in:

• 2006

• 2008

• 2009

• 2010

The term "bakau" actually refers to:

• A local term for Avicenna sp

• A type of sediment found in coastal areas

• A specific mangrove species, Rhizophora sp.

• A category of Mangrove systems

One of the key adaptations of mangrove plants is their tolerance to:

• High temperatures

• Saltwater conditions

• Low humidity

• Freshwater flooding

Coral reefs generally thrive in salinity ranges of:

• 25-25 ‰

• 15-25 ‰

• 30-40 ‰

• Over 40 ‰

Which factor is essential for coral photosynthesis through their symbiotic algae?

• Strong wave energy

• Light penetration

• Slow sedimentation

• Low water pressure

Coral reefs are typically found at depths with:

• No sunlight

• Intense tidal exposure

• Sufficient light for photosynthesis

• Below the thermocline

Wave energy affects coral reefs by:

• Increasing water current

• Transporting nutrients

• Structuring reef morphology

• Reducing oxygen supply