The British Bottom-Up Approach

What does the 'bottom up' approach in criminal profiling mean?

• Profilers work from evidence collected at the crime scene to develop hypotheses about the likely characteristics, motivations, and social background of the offender.

• Profilers use fixed classifications to categorize offenders.

• Profilers rely solely on intuition.

• Profilers ignore the crime scene details.

Which of the following is a key variable in Investigative Psychology that refers to how the offender interacts with their victim, possibly reflecting their everyday behavior?

• Forensic awareness

• Interpersonal coherence

• Geographical profiling

• Significance of time and place

In Geographical profiling, the idea of ________ means that an offender’s operational base and possible future offences are revealed by the geographical location of their previous crimes.

• spatial consistency

• temporal displacement

• modus operandi

• forensic awareness

If an offender seems to be 'covering their tracks', what does this suggest?

• They are new to crime

• They have been interrogated by the police before

• They are not familiar with the area

• They act impulsively

Which key variable in Investigative Psychology gives information about where the offender may live and the type of job they may do based on the time and place of offences?

• Interpersonal coherence

• Forensic awareness

• Significance of time and place

• Geographical profiling

What does circle theory suggest about the location of an offender's base?

• The offender will be based somewhere within the circle that encompasses all the linked crimes.

• The offender will always operate outside the circle formed by the crime scenes.

• The offender's base is always at the geographical center of the city.

• The offender will be based at the furthest point from any of the crime scenes.

Canter proposed two models of offender behaviour. The marauder operates in close proximity to their home base while the commuter is likely to have travelled a distance away from their usual base. Which model describes an offender who travels a distance away from their usual base?

• Marauder

• Commuter

What is meant by a criminal's 'mental map'?

• A mental map refers to the offender's knowledge and perception of an area, which influences the distribution of their offences.

• A mental map is a physical map found at the crime scene.

• A mental map is a list of all the crimes committed by an offender.

• A mental map is a psychological test given to criminals after arrest.

A profiler using the bottom-up approach would predict Jack the Ripper lived closest to which area, based on the map of his crime scenes?

• Near the center of the crime scenes cluster

• On the outskirts of London

• Far from any crime scene

• In a different city

Lundrigan and Canter (2001) found that the offender’s base was located in the centre of the pattern of body disposal sites.

• True

• False