Quiz about Cardio week 3 part 1 from stormi

Question 1

Where is the highest pressure found in the circulation?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Answer

Veins

Answer

Arterioles

Answer

Capillaries

Question 2

Where does the biggest pressure drop occur in the circulation?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles and capillaries

Answer

Aorta

Answer

Veins

Answer

Pulmonary arteries

Question 3

Where is the lowest pressure found in the circulation?

Accepted Answer

Veins

Answer

Aorta

Answer

Arterioles

Answer

Capillaries

Question 4

Fill in the blank: In systemic circulation, pressures are much _______.

Accepted Answer

higher

Answer

lower

Answer

equal

Answer

variable

Question 5

Fill in the blank: In pulmonary circulation, pressures are much _______.

Accepted Answer

lower

Answer

higher

Answer

equal

Answer

unstable

Question 6

What is wide pulse pressure associated with?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Aortic regurgitation

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Isolated systolic hypertension

Question 7

Narrow pulse pressure is associated with which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Reduced ejection fraction

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Isolated systolic hypertension

Answer

Large artery stiffness

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an immediate control mechanism of blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) vasoconstriction mechanism

Answer

Baroreceptor Feedback Mechanism

Answer

Central Nervous System Ischemic Mechanism

Answer

Chemoreceptor Mechanism (CNS pCO2 and pH sensors)

Question 9

List the consequences of activation of immediate control mechanisms of blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

- Constriction of the veins and transfer of blood into the heart - Increased heart rate and contractility of the heart to provide greater pumping capability by the heart - Constriction of peripheral arterioles (not coronary or pulmonary)

Answer

- Dilation of the veins and reduction of blood flow to the heart - Decreased heart rate and contractility of the heart - Dilation of peripheral arterioles (not coronary or pulmonary)

Answer

- Increased urine output and decreased blood volume - Suppression of sympathetic nervous system activity - Relaxation of the heart muscle

Answer

- Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system - Decreased aldosterone secretion - Lowered blood glucose levels

Question 10

Which of the following is a sub-acute control mechanism of blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) vasoconstriction mechanism

Answer

Baroreceptor Feedback Mechanism

Answer

Chemoreceptor Mechanism

Answer

Central Nervous System Ischemic Mechanism

Question 11

What is the function of the shift of fluid through the tissue capillary walls in sub-acute control mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

To readjust the blood volume.

Answer

To increase oxygen saturation in tissues.

Answer

To enhance nerve signal transmission.

Answer

To promote red blood cell production.

Question 12

Chronic control mechanisms of blood pressure take only seconds to take effect.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 13

Which hormone is involved in renal body fluid/volume control and originates in the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

ADH (also called AVP)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Cortisol

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of ADH in chronic control mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate

Answer

Regulation of thirst

Answer

Prevents excessive urine production

Answer

Allows body to control amount of fluid retention

Question 15

The key determinants of blood pressure are:

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Answer

Lung capacity and oxygen saturation

Answer

Blood sugar and insulin levels

Answer

Body temperature and metabolic rate

Question 16

What is the formula for Cardiac Output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Answer

CO = Blood Pressure x Stroke Volume

Answer

CO = Heart Rate / Blood Pressure

Answer

CO = Stroke Volume - Heart Rate

Question 17

Which has a greater influence on Cardiac Output (CO): Heart Rate or Stroke Volume?

Accepted Answer

Stroke Volume

Answer

Heart Rate

Question 18

What is the formula for Stroke Volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

SV = EDV - ESV

Answer

SV = ESV - EDV

Answer

SV = EDV + ESV

Answer

SV = EDV / ESV

Question 19

What two main factors does Stroke Volume depend on?

Accepted Answer

Contractility and Venous Return

Answer

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

Answer

Oxygen Saturation and Temperature

Answer

Respiratory Rate and Blood Volume

Question 20

How is blood volume regulated in the body?

Accepted Answer

By the kidneys based on sodium and water retention, controlled by the renin-angiotensin system (via aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, ADH) and natriuretic peptides.

Answer

By the liver through bile secretion and glucose metabolism.

Answer

By the lungs through oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Answer

By the pancreas through insulin and glucagon secretion.

Question 21

What is the definition of Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR or SVR)?

Accepted Answer

The resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation.

Answer

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Answer

The pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries.

Answer

The volume of blood returned to the heart.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a factor that Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) depends on?

Accepted Answer

D) Heart rate

Answer

A) Circulating regulators

Answer

B) Direct innervation

Answer

C) Blood viscosity

Question 23

What is the main determinant of Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction vs. Vasodilation

Answer

Cardiac Output

Answer

Blood Volume

Answer

Heart Rate

Question 24

According to the diagram, which of the following is a vasoconstrictor?

Accepted Answer

Endothelin

Answer

Nitric oxide

Answer

Prostaglandins

Answer

Adenosine

Question 25

According to the diagram, which of the following is a vasodilator?

Accepted Answer

Nitric oxide

Answer

Hematocrit

Answer

Endothelin

Answer

Catecholamines

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Vasoconstrictors are indicated in ______ color in the diagram.

Accepted Answer

RED

Answer

BLUE

Answer

GREEN

Answer

YELLOW

Question 27

Fill in the blank: Vasodilators are indicated in ______ color in the diagram.

Accepted Answer

GREEN

Answer

RED

Answer

BLUE

Answer

YELLOW

Question 28

Which of the following is a major component of cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume

Answer

Blood viscosity

Answer

Arteriolar radius

Answer

Number of red blood cells

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Angiotensin II directly causes __________, which affects total peripheral resistance (TPR).

Accepted Answer

vasoconstriction

Answer

vasodilation

Answer

increased heart rate

Answer

decreased blood volume

Question 30

The renin-angiotensin system regulates both total peripheral resistance and blood volume.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 31

The role of salt and water balance in the regulation of mean arterial blood pressure is:

Accepted Answer

To maintain blood volume and thus influence blood pressure

Answer

To increase heart rate directly

Answer

To decrease oxygen delivery to tissues

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Question 32

Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system to impact cardiac output and total peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 33

Norepinephrine enhances the heart's pumping force. This effect is known as _________.

Accepted Answer

increased contractility

Answer

decreased heart rate

Answer

vasodilation

Answer

reduced contractility

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Decreases total peripheral resistance

Answer

Increases contractility

Answer

Increases heart rate

Answer

Increases vasoconstriction

Question 35

Angiotensin II (Ang II) causes vasodilation and decreases blood volume.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 36

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by acting on ______ receptors.

Accepted Answer

beta-1

Answer

alpha-2

Answer

muscarinic

Answer

nicotinic

Question 37

What is the primary function of Angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

Raises blood pressure

Answer

Lowers blood pressure

Answer

Decreases heart rate

Answer

Increases urine output

Question 38

Angiotensin II acts directly on blood vessels as a vasoconstrictor via its GQ-coupled receptors, which increases intracellular calcium via IP3 signaling, leading to smooth muscle contraction. This process is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

vasoconstriction

Answer

vasodilation

Answer

apoptosis

Answer

fibrinolysis

Question 39

Which hormones are released due to Angiotensin II to increase blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Insulin and glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer

Cortisol and adrenaline

Question 40

The expanded blood volume increases venous return, which in turn boosts ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

stroke volume and cardiac output

Answer

blood pressure and heart rate

Answer

oxygen saturation and blood pH

Answer

respiratory rate and tidal volume

Question 41

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by both increasing total peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction) and ________.

Accepted Answer

cardiac output (via increased blood volume and stroke volume)

Answer

decreasing heart rate

Answer

reducing aldosterone secretion

Answer

inhibiting sympathetic activity

Question 42

Angiotensin II can upregulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing an increase in circulating norepinephrine.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 43

Where are the stretch receptors involved in the baroreceptor feedback mechanism located?

Accepted Answer

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

Answer

Kidneys and liver

Answer

Lungs and heart

Answer

Brain and spinal cord

Question 44

What is the function of the baroreceptor feedback mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Maintains stable blood pressure through a neural-based negative feedback loop

Answer

Increases blood pressure

Answer

Decreases heart rate only

Answer

Stimulates hormone release

Question 45

What happens to the firing of baroreceptors when blood pressure increases?

Accepted Answer

It increases

Answer

It decreases

Answer

It stays the same

Answer

It stops

Question 46

An increase in blood pressure leads to (decreasing/increasing) sympathetic nervous system activity and (decreasing/increasing) parasympathetic nervous system activity.

Accepted Answer

decreasing; increasing

Answer

increasing; increasing

Answer

increasing; decreasing

Answer

decreasing; decreasing

Question 47

A compensatory decrease in blood pressure occurs when blood pressure initially (increases/decreases).

Accepted Answer

increases

Answer

decreases

Answer

remains constant

Answer

fluctuates

Question 48

If blood pressure decreases, what happens to the firing of the baroreceptors?

Accepted Answer

It decreases

Answer

It increases

Answer

It stays the same

Answer

It stops

Question 49

A decrease in blood pressure results in no inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system activity.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 50

The overall effect of a decrease in blood pressure is a compensatory (increase/decrease) in blood pressure, bringing it back up to normal.

Accepted Answer

increase

Answer

decrease

Answer

stabilization

Answer

fluctuation

Question 51

What is the effect of increased blood pressure on baroreceptor firing?

Accepted Answer

Increases baroreceptor firing

Answer

Decreases baroreceptor firing

Answer

No effect

Answer

Causes vasoconstriction

Question 52

What is the final outcome of the baroreceptor reflex mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Question 53

What is the compensatory response of heart rate after standing?

Accepted Answer

Increases

Answer

Decreases

Answer

No change

Answer

Drops to zero

Question 54

What happens to total peripheral resistance (TPR) as a compensatory response to standing?

Accepted Answer

Increases (toward normal)

Answer

Decreases

Answer

No change

Answer

Drops to zero

Question 55

What is the most common type of fainting (losing consciousness)?

Accepted Answer

Vasovagal syncope

Answer

Cardiac syncope

Answer

Orthostatic syncope

Answer

Reflex syncope

Question 56

Vasovagal syncope is often triggered by a change in body position, like standing up quickly, which causes a drop in ________ (blood flow back to the heart).

Accepted Answer

venous return

Answer

arterial pressure

Answer

cardiac output

Answer

oxygen saturation

Question 57

When venous return drops, the heart's left ventricle fills with enough blood.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 58

Which type of syncope is typically a cause for concern due to underlying heart issues?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac syncope

Answer

Vasovagal syncope

Answer

Orthostatic syncope

Answer

Reflex syncope

Question 59

Orthostatic syncope is often caused by:

Accepted Answer

Dehydration or certain medications

Answer

Heart attacks

Answer

Abnormal baroreceptor function

Answer

Standing still for too long

Question 60

Reflex syncope is a broad category that includes vasovagal syncope.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 61

Central chemoreceptors in the brain, specifically in the medulla, act as a backup to baroreceptors, but they respond on a slightly slower timescale to maintain _________

Accepted Answer

blood pressure

Answer

body temperature

Answer

heart rate

Answer

blood glucose

Question 62

What do central chemoreceptors detect to trigger a response?

Accepted Answer

Increase in carbon dioxide and drop in pH

Answer

Increase in oxygen and rise in pH

Answer

Decrease in carbon dioxide and rise in pH

Answer

Increase in oxygen and drop in pH

Question 63

The increased sympathetic activity leads to a higher ________ and general vasoconstriction.

Accepted Answer

heart rate

Answer

blood sugar

Answer

body temperature

Answer

respiratory volume

Question 64

The ultimate effect of the reflex described is an increase in blood pressure, with the primary goal of restoring proper ________ to the brain.

Accepted Answer

perfusion

Answer

digestion

Answer

respiration

Answer

filtration

Cardio week 3 part 1 from stormi

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