Discourse Markers for C2 Speaking

E – EXAMPLE: To illustrate this point...

• Introduces a longer, more analytical example.

• Provides a brief summary of the topic.

• Offers a personal anecdote related to the subject.

• Presents a statistical analysis of the data.

P – POINT: It could be argued that...

• When presenting a debatable or abstract idea.

• When stating a fact without any evidence.

• When summarizing a well-known concept.

• When providing a personal opinion without support.

H – HEDGE: While this may hold true, it’s worth considering that...

• Add critical reflection.

• Ignore the evidence presented.

• Accept the statement without question.

• Focus solely on the positive aspects.

E – EXPLAIN: This stems from the fact that...

• Emphasises origin or background of the idea.

• Focuses solely on the conclusion drawn from the idea.

• Ignores the context of the idea.

• Presents a counterargument to the idea.

H – HEDGE: Although generally accepted, exceptions exist such as...

• Show analytical flexibility.

• Maintain rigid adherence to rules.

• Avoid critical thinking.

• Emphasize conformity over creativity.

E – EXAMPLE: For instance...

• Classic C2-friendly starter, quick and versatile.

• A complex dish requiring advanced culinary skills.

• A dessert that takes hours to prepare.

• A beverage that is served cold.

L – LINK: Therefore, it can be concluded that...

• When wrapping up your argument tightly.

• When introducing a new idea.

• When providing an example.

• When summarizing previous points.

P – POINT: What strikes me most is...

• Adds emphasis to a surprising or impactful point.

• Describes a common observation.

• Summarizes a well-known fact.

• Introduces a new topic.

E – EXPLAIN: The underlying reason is...

• Highlights deeper layers of logic.

• Simplifies complex ideas.

• Provides a summary of facts.

• Offers personal opinions.

E – EXPLAIN: This can be attributed to...

• For simple or single-factor explanations.

• For complex or multi-factor explanations.

• For anecdotal or personal explanations.

• For theoretical or abstract explanations.