A & P 2 Endocrine and Hematology

What are the key markers used in flow cytometry to identify different types of leukemia and lymphoma cells?

i) t cell

ii) b cell

iii) monocytes 

iv) natural killer

v) dendrite

• i, ii

• i, ii, v

• i, ii, iii, v

• all of the above

Answer explanation

Cell surface markers (Cluster of differentiation proteins). CD markers, which is a diverse series of membrane proteins differentiating cell types based on their lineage, are most used to classify white blood cells. The markers are identified by a fluorescent light. 

What is the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin A composed of?

• 2 beta, 2 alpha

• 3 beta, 2 alpha

• 2 beta, 3 alpha

• 4 beta, 3 alpha

Answer explanation

The polypeptide chains of hemoglobin A are composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. This composition is specific to hemoglobin A, which is the most common type of hemoglobin found in adults. The alpha and beta chains come together to form the quaternary structure of hemoglobin, allowing it to efficiently carry oxygen throughout the body.

Which red cell is not a biconcave disc?

• anisocyte

• spherocyte

• microcyte

• hyperchronic red cells

Answer explanation

A spherocyte is not a biconcave disc because it lacks the typical concave shape of a red blood cell. Instead, it appears more spherical or round in shape. This abnormal shape can be caused by various factors such as a genetic disorder or an immune response. Spherocytes are often associated with conditions like hereditary spherocytosis or autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

With the following information, what is the MCH?

Hemoglobin 13.4 g/dl Hematocrit 42% RBC 4.20 x 10 to the 9th/L

• 32%

• 42%

• 32 picograms

• 42 picograms

Answer explanation

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a measure of the average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell. To calculate MCH, we divide the total amount of hemoglobin by the total number of red blood cells. In this case, the hemoglobin level is given as 13.4 g/dl and the red blood cell count is 4.20 x 10^9/L. Since the MCH is measured in picograms, we need to convert the hemoglobin level from grams to picograms. 1 gram is equal to 1,000,000 picograms, so 13.4 g/dl is equal to 13,400,000 picograms/dl. Dividing this by the red blood cell count of 4.20 x 10^9/L gives us an MCH of approximately 32 picograms.

What are the challenges in managing patients with bleeding disorders, particularly in the context of anticoagulation therapy?

• there are no challenges

• can develop polycythemia

• inherent risk of both bleeding and thrombosis

Answer explanation

What are the symptoms of anemia?

i) shortness of breath 

ii) fast metabolism 

iii) fatigue 

iv) constantly cold

• i, iv

• i, iii, iv

• i, ii, iv

• i, ii, iii, iv

Answer explanation

Which of the following is an example of dysplasia in platelets?

• smudge cells

• platelet satellitism

• platelet clumping

• platelet anisocytosis

Answer explanation

Refers to variations in the size of platelets called dysplasia

What is the name of the basophilic inclusions seen in this neutrophil?

• Dohle bodies

• Chediak-Higashi bodies

• Barr bodies

• Blue/green crystals of death

Answer explanation

Occurs with severe stress such as burns trauma or infection

Which of the following is a sign of excessive bleeding that is apparent on physical examination?

• hypothermia

• hypertension

• dry skin

• purpura

A 25-year-old woman has been suffering from fatigue and weakness over the past few months along with a low-grade fever and a general feeling of malaise. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing the symptoms?

• iron deficiency anemia

• infectious mononucleosis

• pneumonia

• fibromyalgia