Human A&P II - Exam 1

What is the main function of the endocrine system? ________

• release hormones and biochemicals to help the body stay balanced and for homeostasis to occur

• transport oxygen throughout the body

• break down food for energy

• protect the body from pathogens

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What are the 4 types of intercellular communication?

• paracrine factors - travels through ISF; endocrine hormones - travels further (through the blood); neurotransmitters - directly at connected cell; autocrine - stimulates self (auto)

• gap junctions - only electrical signals; synaptic vesicles - only in muscles; cytokines - only in immune cells; exocrine - only outside the body

• osmosis - water movement; diffusion - gas exchange; filtration - kidney function; absorption - nutrient uptake

• hormonal - only in plants; neural - only in animals; chemical - only in bacteria; physical - only in fungi

What do endocrine glands do? ________

• secrete hormones into the blood; then into target (receptor cells)

• produce digestive enzymes for the stomach

• filter waste from the blood

• transmit electrical signals to muscles

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

How do hormones regulate metabolic processes?

• rates of reactions change; water balance (in the kidneys); growth and development

• by directly providing energy to cells; by storing waste products; by producing vitamins

• by increasing the number of red blood cells; by digesting food; by filtering toxins

• by controlling nerve impulses; by forming bones; by transporting oxygen

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What do the exocrine glands do? ________

• secretes through ducts to exterior

• produce hormones directly into the blood

• store genetic information

• filter waste from the blood

What is an example of an exocrine fluid? ________

• sweat; tears

• insulin

• adrenaline

• thyroxine

What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine organs?

• primary - the primary job is to release hormones; secondary - primary job is something else, secondary job is to produce hormones

• primary - they are only found in the brain; secondary - they are only found in the abdomen

• primary - they do not produce hormones; secondary - they produce all hormones

• primary - they store hormones; secondary - they destroy hormones

What are the two types of hormones?

• steroid and non-steroid

• protein and carbohydrate

• enzyme and substrate

• lipid and nucleic acid

What are the differences between steroid and non-steroid hormones?

• Steroid: nonpolar and hydrophobic, can diffuse across membranes, derived from cholesterol, lipid with a complex carbon ring, response is proportionate to hormone concentration. Non-steroid: can't diffuse, binds to receptor and activates g protein, response is amplified by low hormone concentration (not proportionate), 3 types: amine (derived from amino acids), peptide (derived from short chains of amino acids), and protein hormones (derived from long chains and folded to specific shapes).

• Steroid: polar and hydrophilic, cannot diffuse across membranes, derived from proteins, response is amplified by low hormone concentration. Non-steroid: nonpolar, can diffuse, derived from cholesterol, response is proportionate to hormone concentration.

• Steroid: only found in plants, always act through second messengers, derived from fatty acids. Non-steroid: only found in animals, always act directly on DNA, derived from nucleic acids.

• Steroid: always require membrane receptors, derived from carbohydrates, response is not related to hormone concentration. Non-steroid: can diffuse freely, derived from vitamins, response is always immediate.

How do steroid hormones act on cells?

• diffuses through membrane and binds with the receptor

• binds to receptors on the cell surface only

• is transported by vesicles into the cell

• is broken down before entering the cell