What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

• To pump oxygenated blood throughout the body and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

• To supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

• To regulate blood pressure through baroreceptors

• To control fluid volume in the body

Answer explanation

The heart's primary function is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs, ensuring efficient circulation and gas exchange.

Which of the following changes occur in the cardiovascular system with aging?

• Increased elasticity in blood vessels

• Decreased peripheral resistance

• Reduced cardiac output

• Faster baroreceptor response

Answer explanation

With aging, the cardiovascular system typically shows reduced cardiac output due to decreased heart efficiency and contractility. Other options like increased elasticity and faster baroreceptor response are incorrect.

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

• Essential hypertension

• Age over 60

• Obesity (BMI > 25)

• All of the above

Answer explanation

All listed factors—essential hypertension, age over 60, and obesity (BMI > 25)—are significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease, making 'All of the above' the correct choice.

How can nurses help modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

• Encourage a BMI under 25

• Promote a diet high in sodium

• Advise against aerobic exercise

• Suggest increasing alcohol intake

Answer explanation

Nurses can help modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease by encouraging a BMI under 25, which is associated with lower risks. The other options promote unhealthy behaviors that increase cardiovascular risk.

What role do LVNs play in the prevention of cardiovascular disease?

• Reinforcing lifestyle modifications

• Ignoring vital signs

• Discouraging regular screenings

• Providing no education on medication adherence

Answer explanation

LVNs play a crucial role in preventing cardiovascular disease by reinforcing lifestyle modifications, such as promoting healthy eating and regular exercise, which are essential for reducing risk factors.

What is the most specific and reliable indicator of heart muscle injury?

• Troponin

• Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)

• Total Cholesterol

• Triglycerides

Answer explanation

Troponin is the most specific and reliable marker for heart muscle injury, as it is released when the heart muscle is damaged. CK-MB is less specific, while total cholesterol and triglycerides are not indicators of muscle injury.

What is the normal range for Ejection Fraction (EF) in an echocardiogram?

• 55–70%

• 40–55%

• 30–40%

• 20–30%

Answer explanation

The normal range for Ejection Fraction (EF) in an echocardiogram is 55–70%. Values below this range may indicate heart dysfunction, while values above may suggest hyperdynamic function.

What is the normal range for Central Venous Pressure (CVP)?

• 2–8 mm Hg

• 8–12 mm Hg

• 12–16 mm Hg

• 16–20 mm Hg

Answer explanation

The normal range for Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is 2–8 mm Hg. This range indicates the pressure in the thoracic vena cava, reflecting right atrial pressure and overall fluid status.

What is the definition of hypertension according to systolic and diastolic BP?

• Systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg

• Systolic BP ≥120 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥70 mm Hg

• Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg

• Systolic BP ≥150 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥100 mm Hg

Answer explanation

Hypertension is defined as having a systolic BP of 130 mm Hg or higher, or a diastolic BP of 80 mm Hg or higher. Therefore, the correct choice is 'Systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg'.

What are the complications that can occur because of hypertension?

• Left ventricular hypertrophy

• Heart failure

• Myocardial infarction

• All of the above

Answer explanation

Hypertension can lead to serious complications such as left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above' as all these conditions are associated with high blood pressure.