Which of the following is the most significant factor affecting cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

• Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

• Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO₂)

• Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO₂)

• Intracranial pressure (ICP)

In a patient undergoing craniotomy for tumor resection, which anesthetic agent is least likely to increase ICP?

• Isoflurane

• Propofol

• Sevoflurane

• Desflurane

What is the target cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in a patient with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

• 40-50 mmHg

• 50-60 mmHg

• 60-70 mmHg

• 70-80 mmHg

During intraoperative monitoring of a patient undergoing posterior fossa surgery, which cranial nerve is most commonly at risk?

• Trigeminal nerve (V)

• Facial nerve (VII)

• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

• Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of hyperventilation in neuroanesthesia?

• Elevated ICP

• Cerebral ischemia

• Brain tumor

• Subarachnoid hemorrhage

During deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, which anesthetic technique is preferred to allow intraoperative neurological assessment?

• Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol

• Awake craniotomy with local anesthesia

• Balanced anesthesia with volatile agents

• General anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade

Which of the following is the most sensitive indicator of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy?

• Electroencephalography (EEG) changes

• Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs)

• Transcranial Doppler (TCD) velocity

• Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

In a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), what is the primary goal of hemodynamic management in the perioperative period?

• Maintain normotension to prevent rebleeding

• Induce hypertension to improve cerebral perfusion

• Maintain hypotension to reduce bleeding risk

• Avoid fluid overload to prevent pulmonary edema

Which of the following drugs is most effective for neuroprotection during temporary clipping in aneurysm surgery?

• Mannitol

• Thiopental

• Dexmedetomidine

• Furosemide

What is the primary concern when using nitrous oxide (N₂O) during craniotomy?

• Increased ICP

• Pneumocephalus

• Seizure risk

• Delayed emergence