21/07

Annie was in hospital for a minor surgical procedure that required a general anaesthetic. Once the procedure was completed, Annie was transferred to the recovery ward, where the effects of the anaesthetic began to wear off.
Which one of the following most likely indicates that Annie was experiencing a change in state of consciousness when she was first transferred to the recovery ward?

• startling when the nurses tried to check the details on her identity bands

• 
  not adjusting well to the bright lights

• 
  fearing that she is paralysed when she is unable to feel her legs

• 
  not remembering her name when asked

Andrew is at a sleep laboratory to get some insight into his sleep habits. He is concerned that he has been sleep-talking, and often finds that he wakes up still feeling fatigued.
Which subjective measure of consciousness should the lab techs use?

• sleep diary

• video monitoring

• EEG

• EOG

Layla, a 17-year-old high school student, has recently been experiencing difficulties falling asleep before midnight despite feeling tired. She reports waking up groggy even after a full night’s sleep. A sleep study was conducted where her brain, muscle, and eye activity were recorded. The results showed delayed melatonin release and a noticeable drop in muscle tone during periods of rapid eye movement.

Which of the following best explains Layla’s difficulty in falling asleep early?

• 
  A shift in circadian rhythm delaying melatonin secretiomn

• 
  Increased cortisol production in the early evening

• Fragmented ultradian rhythms reducing sleep efficiency

• 
  Circadian phase advance common in adolescence

Layla, a 17-year-old high school student, has recently been experiencing difficulties falling asleep before midnight despite feeling tired. She reports waking up groggy even after a full night’s sleep. A sleep study was conducted where her brain, muscle, and eye activity were recorded. The results showed delayed melatonin release and a noticeable drop in muscle tone during periods of rapid eye movement.

During the sleep study, Layla moved a lot and discovered that several electrodes fell off during the night on her arm. She decided not to tell the staff the next morning. What type of error would this be, and which measure would this error effect?

• 
  personal, EOG

• personal, EMG

• systematic, EEG

• random, EMG

Sunil is a young university student who has been experiencing disrupted sleep for several months. After extensive investigation and testing, a sleep therapist diagnosed Sunil with a condition known as nightmare disorder. This disorder results in Sunil experiencing the same terrifying dream as soon as he enters REM sleep and, as a consequence, waking up five or six times per night.
Which one of the following methods would be most effective at generating qualitative data about Sunil’s sleep disorder?

• 
  EEG, which indicates dream-like brain activity

• sleep diary, in which Sunil records his descriptions of the nightmares

• sleep diary, in which Sunil records the number of nightmares he had

• 
  video monitoring, which provides data about periods of movement during sleep

A sleep researcher asked 50 shiftworkers to maintain a sleep diary for four nights. The researcher asked them to estimate the length of time it took them to fall asleep after completing a night shift. Several outliers were present in the results.
Which one of the following statistical methods would best represent the data?

• mean

• median

• mode

• percentile

A sleep researcher asked 50 shiftworkers to maintain a sleep diary for four nights. The researcher asked them to estimate the length of time it took them to fall asleep after completing a night shift. Several outliers were present in the results.
Which one of the following identifies a possible cause of low external validity in this study?

• The researcher did not control for caffeine intake.
• The sleep diary was maintained for only two nights.
• The sample size is limited to 50 shiftworkers.
• The study involved several outliers.

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) and Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD)?

• 
  Both are equally common with the elderly

• 
  Neither result in any sleep deprivation if the person can sleep and wake up at times dictated by their body clock

• Both feature the presence of long periods of REM sleep early in the sleep episode

• 
  Both result from not receiving enough light early in the morning

A study was conducted on 24 healthy Year 10 students. Half of the participants were administered 30 minutes of BLT each morning for 4 weeks. The other half did not use any BLT. Participants were then tested on their amount of beta brain-waves while awake in the early morning using an EEG and a mathematics test performance.

The investigation methodology would be considered a

• correlational study

• between-subjects design

• mixed design

• within-subjects design

Which of the following is false?

• the presence of blue light dictates the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland

• the secretion of melatonin follows a circadian rhythm

• external temperature has less influence on the sleep-wake cycle than the activity of the SCN

• caffeine intake results in more beta-like waves