Exploring Quantitative Research Concepts

What are the main types of quantitative research designs?

• Qualitative, Descriptive, Meta-Analysis, Survey

• Exploratory, Case Study, Longitudinal, Narrative

• Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Correlational

• Theoretical, Historical, Mixed Methods, Ethnographic

Define descriptive statistics and its purpose.

• Descriptive statistics are methods for manipulating data to fit a desired outcome.

• Descriptive statistics are only used for predictive modeling.

• Descriptive statistics involve complex mathematical theories.

• Descriptive statistics are methods for summarizing and describing the main features of a dataset, used to provide insights into its characteristics.

What is the difference between nominal and ordinal levels of measurement?

• Nominal and ordinal data both have a defined order.

• Nominal data is always numerical; ordinal data is always categorical.

• Nominal data has no order; ordinal data has a meaningful order.

• Ordinal data can only be used for ranking; nominal data can be used for counting.

Which statistical analysis technique is used to compare means between two groups?

• ANOVA

• Chi-square test

• Regression analysis

• t-test

What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?

• A p-value indicates the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.

• A p-value indicates the probability of the null hypothesis being true.

• A p-value shows the likelihood of a Type I error occurring.

• A p-value measures the strength of the null hypothesis.

Explain the concept of reliability in quantitative research.

• Reliability refers to the accuracy of a measurement instrument.

• Reliability is the degree to which a study can be replicated.

• Reliability measures the validity of research findings.

• Reliability in quantitative research is the consistency and stability of a measurement instrument over time.

What is the purpose of using a control group in experimental research?

• The purpose of using a control group is to establish a baseline for comparison to isolate the effects of the independent variable.

• To increase the sample size of the experiment.

• To ensure all variables are controlled and equal.

• To provide additional data for the independent variable.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

• Qualitative research uses statistical analysis, while quantitative research is descriptive.

• Qualitative research is always more reliable than quantitative research.

• Qualitative research is non-numerical and exploratory, while quantitative research is numerical and seeks to quantify data.

• Qualitative research focuses on large sample sizes, while quantitative research is based on small groups.

How can outliers affect descriptive statistics?

• Outliers improve the accuracy of the mean and standard deviation.

• Outliers have no effect on descriptive statistics.

• Outliers can distort the mean, range, and standard deviation, leading to misleading interpretations of the data.

• Outliers only affect the median and mode.

What is the difference between a sample and a population?

• A sample is a subset of a population.

• A sample includes the entire population.

• A population is always larger than a sample.

• A sample is a random selection of data points from a population.