Disco remains one of the most ridiculed popular music genres of the late twentieth century. But as scholars have argued, the genre is far less superficial than many people believe. Take the case of disco icon Donna Summer: she may have been associated with popular songs about love and heartbreak (subjects hardly unique to disco, by the way), but like many Black women singers before her, much of her music also reflects concerns about community and identity. These concerns are present in many of the genre’s greatest songs, and they generally don’t require much digging to reveal.

It has been unjustly ignored by most scholars despite the importance of the themes addressed by many of the genre’s songs.

It evolved over time from a superficial genre focused on romance to a genre focused on more serious concerns.

It has been unfairly dismissed for the inclusion of subject matter that is also found in other musical genres.

It gave rise to a Black women’s musical tradition that has endured even though the genre itself faded in the late twentieth century.

Tatiana R. Feuerborn and colleagues analyzed the genomes of more than a hundred domesticated dogs from sites in Siberia dating from 11,000 years ago to the present. They found that the dogs constituted a genetically isolated population of Arctic breeds until approximately 2,000 years ago, at which point there was substantial interbreeding with Near Eastern dog breeds. Furthermore, beginning around 2,000 years ago, some sites contain artifacts consistent with a Near East origin, like glass beads, but the people show no evidence of having traveled extensively outside Siberia. From this, Feuerborn and colleagues concluded that around 2,000 years ago _____

dogs and artifacts like glass beads began to be transported from the Near East to Siberia.

people from Siberia began to reach the Near East, where they acquired dogs and artifacts such as glass beads.

glass beads and other artifacts from the Near East began to be exchanged for dogs from Siberia.

dogs from the Near East began to be exchanged for glass beads and other artifacts from Siberia.

The following text is from William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, first performed in 1611. Miranda has lived on an island with her father, Prospero, since she was three years old. Prospero has stated that Miranda likely does not remember anything other than her life on the island. MIRANDA: ’Tis far off, And rather like a dream than an assurance That my remembrance warrants. Had I not Four or five women once that tended me? PROSPERO: Thou hadst, and more, Miranda. But how is it That this lives in thy mind? What seest thou else In the dark backward and abysm of time? If thou remember’st ought ere thou camest here, How thou camest here thou mayst. In the text, which point does Prospero most directly make about Miranda and her memories?

Miranda’s ability to summon details of an experience she had before arriving on the island suggests that she may also be able to summon details of her arrival on the island.

Miranda’s reminiscences about her early childhood have a melancholy quality that betrays her discontented view of her current circumstances.

Miranda’s doubts about the accuracy of one recollection of a place other than the island are clouding her judgment and seem to be making her reluctant to explore her recollection of traveling to the island.

Miranda’s impression of a scene is vague because she is remembering a scenario she had daydreamed about as a child rather than a scenario that had occurred in reality.

A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung, Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie Hutin investigated the mechanism that allows Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) plants to accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They replaced the protein ELF3 in the plants with a similar protein found in another species (stiff brome) that, unlike A. thaliana, displays no acceleration in flowering with increased temperature. A comparison of unmodified A. thaliana plants with the altered plants showed no difference in flowering at 22° Celsius, but at 27° Celsius, the unmodified plants exhibited accelerated flowering while the altered ones did not, which suggests that _____

C. ELF3 enables A. thaliana to respond to increased temperatures.

A. temperature-sensitive accelerated flowering is unique to A. thaliana.

B. A. thaliana increases ELF3 production as temperatures rise.

D. temperatures of at least 22° Celsius are required for A. thaliana to flower.

The most recent iteration of the immersive theater experience Sleep No More, which premiered in New York City in 2011, transforms its performance space—a five-story warehouse—into a 1930s-era hotel. Audience members, who wander through the labyrinthine venue at their own pace and follow the actors as they play out simultaneous, interweaving narrative loops, confront the impossibility of experiencing the production in its entirety. The play’s refusal of narrative coherence thus hinges on the sense of spatial fragmentation that the venue’s immense and intricate layout generates.

The production’s dependence on a particular performance environment would likely make it difficult to reproduce exactly in a different theatrical space.

The choice of a New York City venue likely enabled the play’s creators to experiment with the use of theatrical space in a way that venues from earlier productions could not.

Audience members likely find the experience of the play disappointing because they generally cannot make their way through the entire venue.

Audience members who navigate the space according to a recommended itinerary will likely have a better grasp of the play’s narrative than audience members who depart from that itinerary.

Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, which he putatively used to illustrate a robust model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests. Note “putatively”: as Gavin Kennedy has shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only once in his economic writings—to make a narrow point about the then-dominant economic theory of mercantilism—and it was largely ignored until some twentieth-century economists eager to secure an intellectual pedigree for their views elevated it to a fully-fledged paradigm.

The reputation of Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand is not due to the importance of the metaphor in Smith’s work but rather to the promotion of the metaphor by some later economists for their own ends.

Although Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, the metaphor was largely ignored until economists in the twentieth century came to realize that the metaphor was a robust model that anticipated their own views.

Some twentieth-century economists gave Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand a significance it does not have in Smith’s work, but it is nevertheless a useful model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests.

Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand has been interpreted as a model of how individuals acting in their own interest produce aggregate benefits, but it was intended as a subtle critique of the economic theory of mercantilism.

In superfluorescence, electrical charges known as dipoles emit light in synchronized bursts so intense that they are visible to the eye. Until recently, this phenomenon has only been observed at extremely cold temperatures because dipoles cannot synchronize at higher temperatures. But in a study, Melike Biliroglu and colleagues observed superfluorescence at room temperature in thin films made of perovskite and other similarly crystalline materials; the researchers propose that the formation of shock-absorbing quasiparticles called polarons in the material protects dipoles from thermal interference. Based on the text, how are polarons believed to be involved in the superfluorescence observed in Biliriglu and colleagues’ study?

Polarons allow for the dipoles to synchronize despite higher temperatures.

Polarons enable superfluorescent bursts to cross from one crystalline material to another.

Polarons accelerate the dipoles’ release of superfluorescent bursts.

Polarons decrease the intensity of the superfluorescent burst.

An analysis by Alain Elayi and colleagues of coins minted in Sidon in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE reveals a change in their composition over time: while a coin from circa 450 BCE contains about 98% silver and 1% copper, a coin from 367 BCE (the end of Ba’alšillem II’s reign) contains 74.2% silver and 24.7% copper, giving it a relatively yellowish appearance that traders would have noticed. Because coins with a silver content below 80% were widely considered unsuitable for trade, Elayi et al. speculate that a crisis in confidence in the currency occurred in Sidon around 367 BCE, which was likely relieved—despite Sidon’s persistent oppressive financial obligations—as a result of Ba’alšillem II’s successor Abd’astart I’s decision to ______. Which choice most logically completes the text?

proclaim that the percentage of silver in coins suitable for trade would be raised to a threshold higher than 80%.

keep the amount of silver in Sidonian coins consistent with that in coins minted in 367 BCE but decrease their weight.

begin minting heavier coins with a proportion of silver to copper similar to that in coins minted in 367 BCE.

fund the mining of some copper deposits that were not available to Ba’alšillem II.

The following text is from Thomas Mann’s 1924 novel The Magic Mountain, translated by John E. Woods in 1995. The story of Hans Castorp that we intend to tell here—not for his sake (for the reader will come to know him as a perfectly ordinary, if engaging young man), but for the sake of the story itself, which seems to us to be very much worth telling (although in Hans Castorp’s favor it should be noted that it is his story, and that not every story happens to everybody)—is a story that took place long ago, and is, so to speak, covered with the patina of history and must necessarily be told with verbs whose tense is that of the deepest past. What does the text most strongly suggest about the story of Hans Castorp?

Even though it is a story of a person of no particular importance, its age and the manner in which it therefore must be told are both indicators that the story itself is important.

Though it is true that stories of even the most uninteresting people are themselves interesting because all people are unique, the reason this story is interesting is nonetheless difficult to understand because of the passage of time.

Like all stories about the lives of inconsequential people, this story must necessarily be related in a particular way if the reason the story is consequential is to be made evident to the audience.

It is a remarkable story that happened to an unremarkable person, though one could plausibly argue that because the story is valuable, some of its value accrues to the person at its center.

The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll’s 1889 satirical novel Sylvie and Bruno. A crowd has gathered outside a room belonging to the Warden, an official who reports to the Lord Chancellor. One man, who was more excited than the rest, flung his hat high into the air, and shouted (as well as I could make out) “Who roar for the Sub-Warden?” Everybody roared, but whether it was for the Sub-Warden, or not, did not clearly appear: some were shouting “Bread!” and some “Taxes!”, but no one seemed to know what it was they really wanted. All this I saw from the open window of the Warden’s breakfast-saloon, looking across the shoulder of the Lord Chancellor. “What can it all mean?” he kept repeating to himself. “I never heard such shouting before—and at this time of the morning, too! And with such unanimity!”

He asks about the meaning of the crowd’s shouting, even though he claims to know what the crowd wants.

He indicates a desire to speak to the crowd, even though the crowd has asked to speak to the Sub-Warden.

He expresses sympathy for the crowd’s demands, even though the crowd’s shouting annoys him.

He describes the crowd as being united, even though the crowd clearly appears otherwise.

Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a television show, often increase viewers’ reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus _____

rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.

find the disruptions more irritating as time went on.

rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.

perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.

“Gestures” in painting are typically thought of as bold, expressive brushstrokes. In the 1970s, American painter Jack Whitten built a 12-foot (3.7-meter) tool he named the “developer” to apply paint to an entire canvas in one motion, resulting in his series of “slab” paintings from that decade. Whitten described this process as making an entire painting in “one gesture,” signaling a clear departure from the prevalence of gestures in his work from the 1960s. Some art historians claim this shift represents “removing gesture” from the process. Therefore, regardless of whether using the developer constitutes a gesture, both Whitten and these art historians likely agree that _____

Whitten’s work from the 1960s exhibits many more gestures than his work from the 1970s does.

any tool that a painter uses to create an artwork is capable of creating gestures.

Whitten became less interested in exploring the role of gesture in his work as his career progressed.

Whitten’s work from the 1960s is much more realistic than his work from the 1970s is.

The following text is from Maggie Pogue Johnson’s 1910 poem “Poet of Our Race.” In this poem, the speaker is addressing Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Black author. Thou, with stroke of mighty pen, Hast told of joy and mirth, And read the hearts and souls of men As cradled from their birth. The language of the flowers, Thou hast read them all, And e’en the little brook Responded to thy call.

To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature

To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics

To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process

To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer

The following text is from Milan Kundera’s 1984 novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being (translated by Michael Henry Heim in 1984). Karenin is a dog that belongs to Tomas and Tereza. Karenin was not overjoyed by the move to Switzerland [from Prague]. Karenin hated change. Dog time cannot be plotted along a straight line; it does not move on and on, from one thing to the next. It moves in a circle like the hands of a clock, which—they, too, unwilling to dash madly ahead—turn round and round the face, day in and day out following the same path. In Prague, when Tomas and Tereza bought a new chair or moved a flower pot, Karenin would look on in displeasure. It disturbed his sense of time. It was as though they were trying to dupe the hands of the clock by changing the numbers on its face. ©1984 by Milan Kundera. Translation ©1984 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. As a dog, Karenin possesses a sense of time that involves a strong preference for predictability and an aversion to disruption.

B. After he’s moved to a new home, Karenin’s negative response to changes has become more pronounced

C. Similar to Tomas and Tereza, Karenin comprehends time as circular rather than as a straightforward progression

D. As is the case for other dogs, Karenin’s sense of time seems to accelerate depending on the objects and places that surround him

A heliograph is a semaphore device used for sending optical communications—usually in the form of Morse code—by reflecting flashes of sunlight off a mirror. Heliographs were used for rapid communication across expansive distances for military, surveying, and forestry purposes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but they were largely effective only during the daytime, and the range of the device depended on factors such as the opacity of the air and line of sight. Therefore, heliographs were eventually replaced by technology that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

B. was not so constrained by environmental circumstances

A. worked on similar principles but was easier to produce and maintain.

C. could be used for more than military, surveying, or forestry purposes.

D. enabled communication that didn’t require knowledge of Morse code

Indigenous cultures possess unique knowledge of the medicinal uses of plants. According to a 2021 study, 73 percent of the medicinal uses of plants native to North America are reflected in the vocabulary of a single Indigenous language. However, as more and more Indigenous people exclusively speak a globally dominant language, such as English, their ancestral languages fade from daily use. These facts lend added importance to tribal nations’ efforts to preserve their languages. By ensuring the continued use of Cherokee, Ojibwe, and the hundreds of other Indigenous languages in what is now the United States, tribal nations are also _____ Which choice most logically completes the text?

B. transmitting terms for medicinal plants from Indigenous languages to globally dominant languages

A. increasing the number of medicinal plants represented in the vocabularies of Indigenous languages.

C. preserving knowledge about the medicinal value of plants native to the tribal nations’ lands

D. ensuring that citizens of tribal nations have physical access to medicinal plants.

Henry Ossawa Tanner’s 1893 painting The Banjo Lesson, which depicts an elderly man teaching a boy to play the banjo, is regarded as a landmark in the history of works by Black artists in the United States. Scholars should be cautious when ascribing political or ideological values to the painting, however: beliefs and assumptions that are commonly held now may have been unfamiliar to Tanner and his contemporaries, and vice versa. Scholars who forget this fact when discussing The Banjo Lesson therefore _____ Which choice most logically completes the text

A. risk judging Tanner’s painting by standards that may not be historically appropriate

B. tend to conflate Tanner’s political views with those of his contemporaries.

C. forgo analyzing Tanner’s painting in favor of analyzing his political activity.

D. wrongly assume that Tanner’s painting was intended as a critique of his fellow artists.

Data collected by the Mars rover Curiosity at the Gale Crater’s Murray Formation are suggestive of hydrological deposition of sediment in the distant past. To characterize the nature of the depositional environment, Frances Rivera-Hernández et al. analyzed the grain size of Murray Formation sediment, finding that although there are intervals of coarse grains, most of the sediment consists of fine grains that show signs of cracking due to episodic desiccation. Rivera-Hernández et al. concluded that the coarse grains are sandstone, which tends to be deposited by flowing water, whereas the fine grains are mudstone, which is slowly deposited by settling out of suspension in low-flow water, leading the researchers to posit that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

B. a lake existed at the Murray Formation for a prolonged period, though the lake occasionally experienced drying and there were periods in which one or more streams were present.

A. although the area of the Murray Formation experienced a prolonged period of dryness that prevented a lake from forming, water flowing from a distant source was present.

C. one or more streams existed at the Murray Formation for an extended period until being replaced by a lake that persisted for only a brief period before permanently drying

D. a stream-fed lake was present at the Murray Formation for an extended period, and although the streams experienced occasional drying, the lake did not.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is projected to maintain operation until at least 2030, but it has already revolutionized high-resolution imaging of solar-system bodies in visible and ultraviolet (UV) light wavelengths, notwithstanding that only about 6% of the bodies imaged by the HST are within the solar system. NASA researcher Cindy L. Young and colleagues assert that a new space telescope dedicated exclusively to solar-system observations would permit an extensive survey of minor solar-system bodies and long-term UV observation to discern how solar-system bodies change over time. Young and colleagues’ recommendation therefore implies that the HST ______

will likely continue to be used primarily to observe objects outside the solar system.

will no longer be used to observe solar system objects if the telescope recommended by Young and colleagues is deployed.

can be modified to observe the features of solar system objects that are of interest to Young and colleagues.

lacks the sensors to observe the wavelengths of light needed to discern how solar system bodies change over time.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Some animal-behavior studies involve observing wild animals in their natural habitat, and some involve capturing wild animals and observing them in a laboratory. Each approach has advantages over the other. In wild studies, researchers can more easily presume that the animals are behaving normally, and in lab studies, researchers can more easily control factors that might affect the results. But if, for example, the results from a wild study and a lab study of Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) contradict each other, one or both of the studies must have failed to account for some factor that was relevant to the birds’ behavior.

A. When the results of a natural-habitat study and those from a lab study of a wild animal such as the Western scrub-jay conflict, the study in the natural habitat is more likely than the lab study to have accurate results.

B. Studying wild animals such as the Western scrub-jay in both their natural habitat and lab settings is likely to yield conflicting results that researchers cannot fully resolve.

C. Wild animals such as the Western scrub-jay can be effectively studied in their natural habitat and in the lab, but each approach has drawbacks that could affect the accuracy of the findings.

D. Differing results between natural-habitat and lab studies of wild animals such as the Western scrub-jay are a strong indication that both of the studies had design flaws that affected the accuracy of their results.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Algae living within the tissues of corals play a critical role in keeping corals, and the marine ecosystems they are part of, thriving. Some coral species appear brown in color when healthy due to the algae colonies living in their tissues. In the event of an environmental stressor, the algae can die or be expelled, causing the corals to appear white. To recover the algae, the bleached corals then begin to produce bright colors, which block intense sunlight, encouraging the light-sensitive algae to recolonize the corals.

These corals have likely been subjected to stressful environmental conditions.

These corals are likely more vulnerable to exposure from intense sunlight than white corals are.

These corals have likely recovered from an environmental event without the assistance of algae colonies.

These corals are more likely to survive without algae colonies than brown corals are.

Ancestral Puebloans, the civilization from which present-day Pueblo tribes descended, emerged as early as 1500 B.C.E. in an area of what is now the southwestern United States and dispersed suddenly in the late 1200s C.E., abandoning established villages with systems for farming crops and turkeys. Recent analysis comparing turkey remains at Mesa Verde, one such village in southern Colorado, to samples from modern turkey populations in the Rio Grande Valley of north central New Mexico determined that the latter birds descended in part from turkeys cultivated at Mesa Verde, with shared genetic markers appearing only after 1280. Thus, researchers concluded that

conditions of the terrains in the Rio Grande Valley and Mesa Verde had greater similarities in the past than they do today.

some Ancestral Puebloans migrated to the Rio Grande Valley in the late 1200s and carried farming practices with them.

Indigenous peoples living in the Rio Grande Valley primarily planted crops and did not cultivate turkeys before 1280.

the Ancestral Puebloans of Mesa Verde likely adopted the farming practices of Indigenous peoples living in other regions.

To address the susceptibility of materials used in components of high-performance machinery, such as aircraft engines, to creep (deformation that is induced by persistent mechanical stress and that often occurs at elevated temperatures), materials researchers have developed silicon carbide (SiC) fibers for producing aerospace composites. Testing the thermomechanical properties of several commercially available SiC fibers, Ramakrishna T. Bhatt et al. found that in comparison with two polymer-derived SiC fibers, a nitrogen-treated SiC fiber exhibited a lower minimum creep rate, a measure of the rate at which a stress-exposed material deforms at a constant temperature and uniaxial load. The finding suggests that ______

A. unlike the two polymer-derived SiC fibers, the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber can substantially inhibit creep, provided that temperatures and loads are consistent.

B. the two polymer-derived SiC fibers likely hold similar potential for reducing the creep resistance of materials exposed to stress and elevated temperatures, thus prolonging the life span of aerospace machinery.

C. composites based on the two polymer-derived SiC fibers have chemical properties that may improve the mechanical and thermal stability of aerospace equipment to a greater extent than do composites based on the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber.

D. aerospace composites containing the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber may have the ability to withstand mechanical stress for a longer period of time than can aerospace composites containing either of the two polymer-derived SiC fibers.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen’s 1926 poem “Thoughts in a Zoo.” They in their cruel traps, and we in ours, Survey each other’s rage, and pass the hours Commiserating each other’s woe, To mitigate his own pain’s fiery glow. Man could but little proffer in exchange Save that his cages have a larger range. That lion with his lordly, untamed heart Has in some man his human counterpart, Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped, But in the stifling flesh securely trapped. Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience?

They cannot effectively tame certain wild animals because of a lack of compassion.

They cannot focus on setting attainable goals because of a lack of motivation.

They quickly become frustrated when faced with difficult tasks because of a lack of self-control.

They have aspirations that cannot be fulfilled because of certain limitations.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Linguists have noted many similar examples of this phenomenon occurring in other languages, suggesting that social media

is more useful for studying informal language than for studying formal or official language.

appears to be exerting an exceptionally strong inf

may give linguists a somewhat misleading sense of how languages are changing.

does not merely register changes in language usage but can facilitate such changes.

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