RESPIRATORY 1 2025

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) was classified as a human carcinogen. Which of the following statements regarding ETS related to etiology of lung cancer?

• Active smoker

• passive smoker

• radon exposure

• asbestos exposure

Which of the following is true regarding small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?

• Called oat cell carcinomas

• Less responsive to chemotherapy

• Found in nonsmokers with low metastatic potential

• Aggressive and rapidly growing from all lung cancers

80% of lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while 20% are small cell lung cancer (SCLC), according to the epidemiology of lung cancer. preventive measures for NSCLC have been implemented, such as

• Staging

• CXR screening

• low dose CT screening.

• sputum and breath biomarkers

The following risk factors are commonly associated with non-small cell lung cancer.

• Smoking cigarettes

• First degree relative genetics

• Prior radiation in the stomach area.

• A radioactive gas found in soil is known as a radon.

The pathophysiology of Non-small cell lung cancer will involve

• invasive and grows cancer.

• metastasize to different organs of the body.

• arise at the peripheral to the terminal alveoli.

• initiated by genes such as HER2, EGFR, KRAS and ALK.

The subgroups of histopathology for Non-small cell lung cancer.

• Small cell carcinoma.

• Large cell carcinoma.

• Lung Adenocarcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

Mr. G had lung cancer post diagnosed with a bronchoscopy procedure. He was found to be a Squamous cell carcinoma. The characteristics of this squamous cell carcinoma are

• poor prognosis.

• CK7 and TTF-1 positive

• P40, P63, CK 5 / 6 positive.

• a malignant epithelial with keratinization

Madam S was diagnosed as Lung adenocarcinoma by her histopathology finding. The doctor also confirmed it by looking at the following features

• Napsin A negative

• CK 7 and TTF 1 positive

• Observed higher among non-smokers

• Malignant epithelial common associated to mucin production

A young man was admitted to the ward and diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. The doctor diagnosed him with bronchoalveolar carcinoma since it

• was poorly differentiated

• was an uncommon lung disease among younger people

• is a subtype of small cell lung cancer that spreads rapidly.

• often presents with peripheral lung involvement and unique imaging features.

Madam L had a post assessment and investigation at the chest clinic and it possibly she had a large cell carcinoma. The tumor markers that able to apply to her are

• Cytokeratin fragment 21-1

• EGFR gene mutation analysis

• KRAS gene mutation analysis.

• Programmed death liquid 1(PD -L1).