222 decision making

If the premises of a deductive argument are true and the reasoning is valid, then:

• The conclusion is probably true

• The conclusion must be true

• The conclusion may or may not be true

• New information is always added

“All HELP Uni students graduate. Sarah is a HELP Uni student. Therefore, Sarah will graduate.” This is an example of:

• Inductive reasoning

• Analogy-based reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Hypothesis testing

What distinguishes propositional reasoning from syllogistic reasoning?

• Only propositional reasoning uses quantifiers

• Syllogistic reasoning is always inductive

• Propositional reasoning focuses on connectives like "if-then"

• Propositional reasoning never deals with truth values

Which of the following conclusions is INVALID under propositional logic? Premise: If Amy studies, then she will pass. Premise: Amy passed. Conclusion: Therefore, Amy studied.

• Valid

• Invalid

• Unknown

• Logically sound

In logic, "p ∧ q" is false when:

• Both p and q are true

• Either p or q is false

• p is false, but q is true

• Both B and C

Which is the correct truth table result for p → q when p is false and q is false?

• True

• False

• Undefined

• Cannot be determined

Which term best defines the logical validity of a syllogism?

• Whether the conclusion is factual

• Whether the premises are realistic

• Whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises

• Whether it uses “if-then” statements

Syllogistic reasoning requires that:

• Premises must be believable

• Premises must be emotionally impactful

• Premises must be assumed true regardless of real-world facts

• Premises must use "if...then..." logic

What is the main flaw in the syllogism: All birds are animals. All animals have four legs. Therefore, all birds have four legs.

• It's inductive, not deductive

• Premises are false

• Conclusion doesn't follow logically

• Belief bias invalidates the premises

Belief bias is:

• A failure in hypothesis testing

• A type of analogical error

• Tendency to accept conclusions we agree with, regardless of logic

• A result of using the availability heuristic