TA-2

The use of microscopes to observe objects too small to be seen by the naked eye, fundamental to histology and microbiology.

The use of a single therapeutic agent to treat a disease or condition, often contrasted with combination therapy.

The treatment of disease through the administration of pharmaceutical agents aimed at achieving a therapeutic effect.

The toxic effect of substances, including drugs or chemicals, on renal structure and function.

The systematic process of identifying a disease or medical condition through evaluation of clinical signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests.

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action on the body.

The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose.

The scientific study of medicinal substances derived from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and minerals.

The scientific discipline that investigates drug effects in humans, encompassing pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic efficacy.

The science and practice of monitoring the safety of pharmaceutical products and identifying, assessing, and preventing adverse drug effects.