Soil Formation

Is a specialized field of civil engineering focused on the behavior of earth materials like soil and rock. It

applies principles of soil and rock mechanics to design and construct safe and stable foundations, slopes,

retaining structures, and other systems interacting with the ground.

• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

• CIVIL ENGINEERING

• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

• CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Is a branch of engineering that studies the behavior of soil as a construction material. It focuses on

understanding how soil responds to stresses and loads, particularly in relation to supporting structures and

infrastructure.

• SOIL MECHANICS

• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

• GEOTECHNICAL MECHANICS

• SOIL ENGINEERING

The foundation of all civil engineering projects, ensuring that structures are safe, stable,

and sustainable by understanding and managing the behavior of soil and rock beneath the ground.

• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

• CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Is the loose, weathered material on Earth's

surface that supports plant life and is a complex

mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air.

• SOIL

• SAND

• ROCKS

• STONES

• - A natural aggregate of mineralogical composition that is bounded by strong and cohesive force.

• - Are formed when the modern magma gets cools down after reaching the earth’s surface.

• - Are hard and impermeable

• ROCK

• SOIL

• STONE

• SAND

• - The breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, which eventually become soil.

• - The process of breaking down rocks by mechanical and chemical

  processes into smaller pieces.

• WEATHERING

• MECHANICS

• EROSION

• LIQUEFACTION

• - Also called as “Physical Weathering”

• - Breakdown of rocks without changing their chemical composition.

• Caused by: Temperature changes (freeze-thaw cycles) and Abrasion by wind, water, or ice

• MECHANICAL

  WEATHERING

• CHEMICAL

  WEATHERING

• BIOLOGICAL

  WEATHERING

• - Breakdown of rocks due to chemical reactions with water, air, or acids.

• - Alters the mineral composition of rocks.

• Common processes: Oxidation, Hydrolysis, and Carbonation

• MECHANICAL

  WEATHERING

• CHEMICAL

  WEATHERING

• BIOLOGICAL

  WEATHERING

Caused by living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plant roots.

• MECHANICAL

  WEATHERING

• CHEMICAL

  WEATHERING

• BIOLOGICAL

  WEATHERING

• - Formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava.

• - Usually strong and durable; good for foundations and aggregates.

• IGNEOUS ROCKS

• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• METAMORPHIC ROCKS