chap 5

Upper Respiratory Disorders: What are some conditions included under upper respiratory disorders?

• Common cold, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and pharyngitis.

• Pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.

• Gastritis, peptic ulcer, hepatitis, and pancreatitis.

• Cystitis, nephritis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis.

What is the main focus of management for upper respiratory disorders?

• Symptomatic relief: decongestants, antihistamines, antitussives, mucolytics.

• Surgical intervention to remove obstructions.

• Long-term use of antibiotics for all cases.

• Strict bed rest and fluid restriction.

Antihistamines: H1 Antagonists block histamine at receptor sites to reduce inflammation and allergic response.

• True

• False

Antihistamines: Which of the following is a first-generation antihistamine?

• Loratadine

• Cetirizine

• Diphenhydramine

• Fluticasone

Second-generation antihistamines are less sedating and used for long-term allergy control.

• True

• False

Decongestants: Alpha-adrenergic agonists reduce nasal swelling by what mechanism?

• Vasoconstriction

• Bronchodilation

• Increased mucus production

• Histamine release

Decongestants: Nasal sprays (oxymetazoline) offer fast relief but can cause what after 3 days of use?

• Rebound congestion

• Nasal dryness

• Sinus infection

• Loss of smell

Decongestants: Oral decongestants like pseudoephedrine have more systemic effects on which two body parameters?

• Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR)

• Respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2)

• Blood glucose, body temperature

• Liver enzymes, white blood cell count

Name two examples of intranasal steroids used to treat allergic rhinitis symptoms.

• Fluticasone, budesonide

• Cetirizine, loratadine

• Montelukast, omalizumab

• Salbutamol, ipratropium

What are some local effects of intranasal steroids?

• Nasal irritation, epistaxis

• Hypertension, tachycardia

• Weight gain, moon face

• Hyperglycemia, polyuria