The Crusades, Holy Land, Seljuk Turks, Pope Urban II

What were the Crusades?

• A) A series of trade agreements

• B) A series of eight religious wars between Christians and Muslims

• C) A peace treaty between Europe and Asia

• D) A scientific revolution

Which group took control of much of the Middle East, including the Holy Land, during the 11th century?

• Byzantine Empire

• Seljuk Turks

• European Christians

• Mongols

True or False: The Crusaders permanently retook the Holy Land from Muslim control.

• True

• False

What was one of the main causes of the Crusades?

• Trade disputes

• Control of the Holy Land

• Scientific discoveries

• Agricultural shortages

Pope Urban II inspired people to join the First Crusade by:

• promising spiritual rewards and forgiveness of sins

• offering land and wealth to all participants

• threatening excommunication for non-participants

• guaranteeing victory in battle

Who called on Christians to take back the Holy Land during the First Crusade?

• Pope Urban II

• King Louis VII

• Saladin

• Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

The First Crusade was the only Crusade where Christian forces successfully took control of Jerusalem.

• True

• False

What was the main reason for the failure of the Second Crusade?

• The Crusaders were defeated by strong Muslim armies and were unable to recapture Edessa.

• The Crusaders were betrayed by their own leaders and retreated.

• The Crusaders ran out of supplies and were forced to surrender.

• The Crusaders were struck by a plague that decimated their forces.

Who became famous during the Third Crusade for recapturing Jerusalem in 1187?

• Saladin

• Richard the Lionheart

• Frederick Barbarossa

• Philip II

What agreement did Richard and Saladin reach in 1192?

• They agreed to a truce that allowed Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem safely.

• They agreed to divide Jerusalem between Christians and Muslims.

• They agreed to end all future crusades permanently.

• They agreed to convert to each other's religions.