Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration

Humanism

• Emphasis on divine authority over all aspects of life

• A Renaissance movement focusing on classical texts and human potential

• A religious reform effort to eliminate indulgences

• Philosophy promoting feudal loyalty to monarchs

Printing Press

• Tool for mass-producing textiles during the Industrial Revolution

• Device used by the Catholic Church to spread indulgences

• Invention by Gutenberg that enabled mass communication and literacy growth

• A Renaissance artistic technique for depth

Secularism

• Loyalty to a single religious leader

• Emphasis on worldly concerns over religious ones

• Strict enforcement of church doctrine

• A theory about planetary movement

Individualism

• Belief in the collective good over personal achievement

• Political theory that supports monarchies

• Renaissance value emphasizing personal talent and self-expression

• Medieval code of knightly conduct

Niccolò Machiavelli

• Painter known for realism and religious themes

• Reformer who challenged the Catholic Church

• Inventor of joint-stock companies

• Author of The Prince, advocating pragmatic political leadership

Civic Humanism

• Religious philosophy calling for civic obedience

• Belief in active public service rooted in classical education

• Feudal loyalty to a monarch

• Support for absolute monarchy

Protestant Reformation

• Religious movement that challenged Catholic authority and led to new Christian denominations

• Artistic movement promoting human emotion

• Political rebellion against monarchies

• Movement to translate ancient Greek texts

Henry VIII of England

• First Catholic pope to challenge Martin Luther

• English monarch who broke with the Catholic Church to form the Anglican Church

• Supporter of Catholic reforms at the Council of Trent

• French king who signed the Edict of Nantes

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• Treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War

• Edict that allowed Calvinism in France

• Agreement allowing German princes to choose the religion of their territory

• Law requiring Protestants to convert to Catholicism

New Monarchs

• Enlightenment rulers who supported democracy

• Renaissance popes who led military campaigns

• 15th–16th c. rulers who centralized power and reduced noble influence

• Monarchs elected by commoners during the Black Plague