Topic 1: Key Figures and Concepts in Psychology

Structuralism

• An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

• A modern approach focusing on behavior and observable actions.

• A theory that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in behavior.

• A method that studies the brain's physical structure and its functions.

Margaret Floy Washburn

• The first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology.

• The first woman to serve as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

• The first woman to publish a psychology textbook.

• The first woman to earn a master's degree in psychology.

John B. Watson

• An American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism.

• A famous philosopher known for his work on existentialism.

• A neurologist who contributed to the field of cognitive psychology.

• A sociologist who studied the effects of social behavior on individual psychology.

Cognitive Psychology

• The study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking.

• The study of physical processes in the brain and their relation to behavior.

• The analysis of social interactions and their impact on mental health.

• The examination of historical events and their influence on modern psychology.

B.F. Skinner

• An American psychologist known for his work on classical conditioning.

• An American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher known for his work on operant conditioning.

• A famous author of science fiction novels.

• A psychologist who focused on cognitive development.

Psychoanalytic

• A set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, originally popularized by Sigmund Freud.

• A method of cognitive behavioral therapy focusing on changing negative thought patterns.

• A type of therapy that emphasizes the role of social interactions in mental health.

• A technique used to enhance memory retention through repetition.

Evolutionary Perspective

• A theoretical approach that explains mental traits as adaptations through natural selection.

• A method of therapy focusing on childhood experiences.

• A cognitive approach emphasizing the role of thought processes.

• A behavioral approach that ignores genetic influences.

Behaviorism

• A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

• A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes.

• A theory that focuses on the influence of genetic factors on behavior.

• An orientation that prioritizes subjective experiences over observable actions.

Carl Rogers

• An American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology.

• A famous behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning.

• A cognitive psychologist who developed the theory of multiple intelligences.

• A psychoanalyst who focused on the unconscious mind.

Introspection

• The examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

• The process of analyzing external stimuli.

• The act of observing others' behaviors and emotions.

• A method of gathering data through surveys and interviews.