What is the 'tragedy of the commons' as described in the passage?

• A situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a shared resource, leading to its ruin.

• A scenario where government intervention always leads to better resource management.

• A concept that suggests private property rights are the only solution to resource management.

• A theory that states all resources should be owned by the state to prevent overuse.

According to the passage, what was Garrett Hardin's proposed solution to the tragedy of the commons?

• Cede freedoms to the state and agree on mutual coercion.

• Implement private property rights for all resources.

• Encourage voluntary cooperation among individuals.

• Rely on technological solutions to manage resources.

What did Elinor Ostrom contribute to the understanding of the tragedy of the commons?

• She identified design principles for managing resources sustainably.

• She argued that state intervention is always necessary for resource management.

• She proposed that private property rights are the best solution.

• She suggested that technological advancements can solve resource depletion.

What is a 'common-pool resource' as defined in the passage?

• A resource that is difficult to fence off and is reduced by use.

• A resource that is owned by the government and managed by bureaucrats.

• A resource that is privately owned and managed by individuals.

• A resource that is abundant and cannot be depleted.

According to the passage, what was a key finding from the study of forest management in the Wolong Nature Reserve?

• An optimum group size of around eight or nine households led to the best improvement in forest cover.

• Larger groups were more effective in monitoring illegal logging.

• Smaller groups had a natural urge to free-ride, making enforcement less effective.

• There was no significant difference in forest cover improvement based on group size.

What was the outcome of Barrett's experiments on climate change treaties?

• Real people often start with cooperation but free-riders cause cooperators to drop out.

• Naming and shaming free-riders significantly increased actual contributions.

• The experiments showed that voluntary cooperation always leads to success.

• Trade penalties were found to be ineffective in encouraging cooperation.

What is the 'climate club' concept proposed by William Nordhaus?

• A group of countries that set a common carbon price and level trade tariffs on nonparticipants.

• A global treaty that imposes sanctions on countries that do not comply with emissions reductions.

• An international organization that funds green technology research.

• A voluntary agreement among countries to share climate change data.