21ST

underwent major transformation as the American influence brought English as the new medium of instruction and expression. Literature evolved from religious and reformist themes to more secular, nationalist, and eventually modern themes, reflecting the social and political changes of the era.

• American Colonial Period (1898-1946)

• Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)

• Post-Colonial Period (1946-Present)

• American Revolutionary Period (1775-1783)

• Combines poetry, performance, and social commentary

• Popularized by groups like Words Anonymous, White Wall Poetry

• Themes: love, mental health, activism, LGBTQ+ issues

What is this form of artistic expression?

• Spoken Word and Slam Poetry

• Haiku

• Sonnet

• Free Verse

• known for his unique style and use of punctuation (e.g., Comma Poems).

• Jose Garcia Villa

• Langston Hughes

• Emily Dickinson

• Walt Whitman

Key Characteristics of Post-War and Modern:

• Revival and growth of literature in English and Filipino

• Decline of regional literature

• Focus on romantic themes in literature

• Reduction of literary institutions and awards

Key Characteristics of the Spanish Period:

• Religious Influence

• Cultural Assimilation

• Economic Expansion

• Technological Advancements

Key Characteristics of the Japanese Period:

• Decline of English-language literature due to censorship

• Flourishing of Tagalog and vernacular literature

• Rise of poetry and drama as popular forms

• Themes centered on love and romance

Philippines gains independence from the U.S.

• 1945

• 1946

• 1947

• 1948

Stories that explain natural phenomena, origin of the world, and deities.

• Legends

• Fables

• Myths

• Folktales

• Often published in Filipino magazines like Liwayway

• Centered on wartime experiences, moral dilemmas, and survival

• Short Stories (Maikling Kuwento)

• Poems (Tula)

• Essays (Sanaysay)

• Novels (Nobela)

First printed book in the Philippines (1593), used for religious instruction.

• Doctrina Christiana

• Pasyon

• Florante at Laura

• Noli Me Tangere