IB Learning Theories

​ Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a previously ​ (a)   stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, so that the neutral stimulus eventually triggers the same response on its own. First demonstrated by Ivan ​ (b)   in his experiments with ​ (c)   , the process involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with an ​ (d)   stimulus (such as food) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (salivation). Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, producing a ​ (e)   response similar to the original unconditioned response. This type of learning explains how associations form between events in our environment and is fundamental to understanding phenomena such as phobias, taste aversions, and certain advertising strategies.

Match the following

Match the following

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which (a)   is shaped and maintained by its . Developed by (b)   , it is based on the principle that behaviours followed by rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviours followed by punishment are less likely to occur. Skinner demonstrated this in his experiments using the “ (c)   ,” where animals such as rats or pigeons learned to press a lever or peck a key to receive food (a ​ (d)   ) or to avoid an unpleasant stimulus. Operant conditioning identifies different types of reinforcement and punishment, as well as ​ (e)   that affect how quickly and strongly behaviours are learned and maintained.

Match the following

Match the following

Antabuse (disulfiram) is a medication used in the treatment of alcohol dependence. It works by blocking the enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism. If alcohol is consumed while taking Antabuse, acetaldehyde builds up in the body, causing unpleasant reactions such as nausea, vomiting, flushing, and headaches. This creates a deterrent effect, discouraging the person from drinking. It is most effective when combined with counselling and support programs.

Antabuse is an example of ...

Methadone is a long-acting synthetic opioid used primarily in the treatment of opioid dependence, such as addiction to heroin or prescription painkillers. It works by binding to the same opioid receptors in the brain, preventing withdrawal symptoms and reducing cravings without producing the intense euphoria of the abused drug. This helps stabilise patients and allows them to engage in therapy and rehabilitation.

Methadone is an example of ...

Applications of learning theories to drugs like Antabuse and Methadone, relate to which context of the course?