Unit 0 Vocabulary PreQuiz

The tendency to gather evidence that confirms preexisting expectations, typically by emphasizing or pursuing supporting evidence while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence is called ________.

• confirmation bias

• anchoring bias

• availability heuristic

• representativeness heuristic

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) is called ________.

• hindsight bias

• confirmation bias

• overconfidence effect

• availability heuristic

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article's theory, originality, and accuracy are called ________.

• peer reviewers

• editors

• publishers

• research assistants

A cognitive bias characterized by an overestimation of one’s actual ability to perform a task successfully, by a belief that one’s performance is better than that of others, or by excessive certainty in the accuracy of one’s beliefs is called ________.

• overconfidence

• confirmation bias

• anchoring bias

• availability heuristic

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory, is called a ________.

• hypothesis

• variable

• observation

• experiment

The possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment is called ________.

• falsifiable

• verifiable

• repeatable

• observable

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study is called an ________.

• operational definition

• hypothesis

• theory

• variable

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced is called ________.

• replication

• generalization

• randomization

• correlation

A non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles is called a ________.

• case study

• survey

• experiment

• correlation

A non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation is called ________.

• naturalistic observation

• case study

• survey method

• laboratory experiment