What is the main principle behind the molecular clock hypothesis?

• Mutations occur at a constant rate over time

• All species evolve at the same rate

• DNA does not change over time

• Evolution only occurs during environmental change

Which of the following is commonly used to construct phylogenetic trees?

• Fossil records only

• DNA and protein sequence comparisons

• Weather patterns

• Geological data

Comparative genomics primarily involves:

• Comparing the physical appearance of organisms

• Comparing the genomes of different species

• Measuring the mass of DNA

• Observing behaviour in the wild

Which sequencing method is best for determining evolutionary relationships among distantly related species?

• rRNA sequencing

• Blood type analysis

• Eye colour comparison

• Height measurement

What does DNA-DNA hybridisation measure?

• The similarity between DNA sequences of two species

• The amount of protein in a cell

• The number of chromosomes

• The length of RNA molecules

Which molecule is commonly used in amino acid sequencing for evolutionary studies?

• Cytochrome c

• Insulin

• Haemoglobin

• Collagen

What is the first step in DNA sequencing?

• Extracting DNA from cells

• Counting chromosomes

• Measuring protein levels

• Observing cell division

Which of the following is NOT a method used in comparative genomics?

• DNA sequencing

• rRNA sequencing

• Amino acid sequencing

• Blood pressure measurement

The molecular clock is calibrated using:

• Fossil records and known divergence times

• Weather data

• Plant growth rates

• Water temperature

Which of the following best describes a phylogenetic tree?

• A diagram showing evolutionary relationships

• A chart of animal sizes

• A map of continents

• A list of species names