Intro to Statistics (1.1 -1.5 Vocab)

Statistics

• The study of numbers and their relationships.

• The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

• A method for predicting future events based on past data.

• The art of creating visual representations of data.

Convenience Samples

• A method of sampling that ensures every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

• A poor method of sampling in which the sample is chosen individuals were the easiest to reach or access. It creates bias.

• A technique that involves selecting individuals based on specific characteristics to ensure diversity.

• A sampling method that relies on random selection from a larger population.

Stratified Random Sample

• Researchers obtain their sample by dividing the population into similar groups and then randomly selected a certain number from each group.

• Researchers select a sample based on convenience and accessibility.

• Researchers choose participants who are easily available without any specific criteria.

• Researchers randomly select individuals from the entire population without grouping.

Sample

• A part of subset of the population from which we actually collect information.

• A complete set of data collected from the entire population.

• An estimate of the population based on theoretical models.

• A random selection of individuals from a specific demographic.

Cluster Random Sample

• Researchers choose their sample by dividing the population into groups and then a random group is selected to be the sample.

• Researchers select individuals randomly from the entire population without grouping.

• Researchers use a systematic approach to select every nth individual from the population.

• Researchers choose a sample based on specific characteristics of the population.

Population

• The entire group of individuals or objects that are being studied.

• A sample of individuals selected from a larger group.

• The average of all individuals in a study.

• The total number of individuals in a specific area.

Systematic Random Sample

• Researchers obtain the sample by selecting every subject randomly from the population.

• Researchers obtain the sample by numbering every subject of the population and then selecting every n^th subject.

• Researchers obtain the sample by choosing subjects based on their characteristics.

• Researchers obtain the sample by surveying only the first 10 subjects in the population.

Cherry Picking

• The practice of selecting only data points that support a specific conclusion, while ignoring or excluding data that contradicts it

• A method of gathering all available data to ensure a comprehensive analysis

• A technique used to enhance the visual appeal of data presentations

• A strategy for random sampling in statistical research

Variable of interest

• What the study aims to understand/explain.

• A factor that does not change in an experiment.

• A variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

• A measurement that is taken at the end of a study.

Bias

• When the data collected accurately reflects the true value of interest.

• When the data collected either overestimates or underestimates the true value of interest.

• When the data collected is completely random and unbiased.

• When the data collected is influenced by external factors but still valid.