Why must two nodes run the same protocols at each layer to communicate?

• To ensure they can understand and exchange data correctly.

• To increase the speed of data transfer.

• To reduce the cost of communication.

• To prevent viruses from spreading.

What happens when a protocol at a specific layer encapsulates the data payload received from the next-higher layer with a header?

• It creates a protocol data unit (PDU)

• It deletes the data

• It encrypts the data

• It compresses the data

Why is the application layer important for network communication?

• It allows software programs and network hosts to exchange data using lower-level protocols.

• It manages the physical hardware of the network.

• It is responsible for error correction and retransmission.

• It encrypts all data before transmission.

Which of the following is NOT typically handled by the presentation layer?

• File format conversion

• Character set translation

• Routing data packets

• Data encryption

If a network application needs to ensure that a dialog is properly established, maintained, and ended between two devices, which OSI layer is primarily responsible for this?

• Data Link

• Session

• Physical

• Network

What is the main function of the transport layer in data communication?

• Encrypting data for security

• Managing the end-to-end exchange of data

• Converting data into electrical signals

• Storing data for future use

Explain why the network layer is essential for communication between different networks on the Internet.

• It encrypts all data for security

• It identifies and routes data using IP addresses, allowing data to move between different networks

• It manages user authentication

• It compresses data for faster transmission

What does the data link layer header identify within a network segment?

• Source and destination hardware address

• Source and destination IP address

• Source and destination port number

• Source and destination application

How is data delivered to the Physical layer encoded before transmission?

• As hexadecimal numbers

• As binary numbers (0 or 1)

• As decimal numbers

• As ASCII characters

What is the correct order of the OSI model layers from bottom to top?

• Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

• Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

• Data Link, Physical, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

• Network, Data Link, Physical, Application, Presentation, Session, Transport