Explain how the movement of tectonic plates can lead to the formation of mountains.

Plates collide, causing the crust to fold and uplift

Plates move apart, creating valleys

Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes

Compare the characteristics of shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes.

Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and non-explosive eruptions; composite volcanoes have steep sides and explosive eruptions

Both have steep sides and explosive eruptions

Both are formed at divergent boundaries

Composite volcanoes are only found underwater

Which of the following best describes the process that causes earthquakes at transform boundaries?

Plates slide past each other, causing stress to build up and release suddenly

Plates move apart, creating new crust

Plates collide, causing one to sink beneath the other

Describe the sequence of events that leads to a tsunami after an undersea earthquake.

Earthquake displaces water, creating waves that travel across the ocean

Earthquake causes land to rise, forming mountains

Earthquake causes volcanic eruption, which creates waves

Earthquake causes wind to blow stronger, forming waves

How does the composition of the mantle differ from that of the crust?

The mantle contains more iron and magnesium, while the crust contains more silicon and aluminum

The mantle is mostly liquid, while the crust is solid

The mantle is made of water, while the crust is made of rock

The mantle is metallic, while the crust is gaseous

Why are composite volcanoes considered more dangerous than shield volcanoes?

Their eruptions are more explosive and produce more ash and pyroclastic flows

They are found only near populated areas

Which of the following best explains why tsunamis can cause more damage than regular ocean waves?

Tsunamis have much longer wavelengths and can travel at high speeds across the ocean

Tsunamis only occur during storms

Tsunamis are smaller and less powerful

Explain why earthquakes are more common along plate boundaries than in the middle of plates.

Plate boundaries are weaker and experience more movement

The middle of plates is made of liquid rock

Earthquakes only occur in the ocean

Which of the following is a likely impact of a major tsunami on a coastal community?

Widespread flooding and destruction of infrastructure

A city is located near a convergent plate boundary where an oceanic plate is subducting beneath a continental plate. Predict the types of natural hazards the city might face and explain your reasoning.

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, due to subduction and plate movement

Only tornadoes, because of wind patterns

Droughts, because of high temperatures

Hurricanes, due to ocean proximity

Given a cross-section diagram of the Earth, how would you identify the mantle and what evidence would you use to support your identification?

The mantle is located between the crust and the core, and is identified by its semi-solid state and convection currents

The mantle is the thinnest layer, located at the surface

The mantle is the innermost layer, made of solid iron

The mantle is only found under oceans

A geologist observes a chain of volcanic islands in the middle of the ocean. What plate tectonic process is most likely responsible for their formation, and why?

Hotspot activity, because magma rises through a stationary spot in the mantle

Divergent boundary, because plates are moving apart

Transform boundary, because plates slide past each other

Subduction zone, because one plate sinks under another

Analyze why some earthquakes cause tsunamis while others do not.

Only earthquakes that occur underwater and displace a large volume of water cause tsunamis

Only earthquakes on land cause tsunamis

Only earthquakes with a magnitude above 9.0 cause tsunamis

A mountain range is found far from any current plate boundary. What is a possible explanation for its existence?

It is a remnant of an ancient plate boundary where plates once collided

It formed from a recent volcanic eruption

It formed due to a meteorite impact

Evaluate the potential impact of a large volcanic eruption on global climate and justify your answer.

It can cool the global climate by releasing ash and gases that block sunlight

No impact, because volcanoes only affect local areas

It always causes global warming

It increases rainfall worldwide

A city is built on unconsolidated sediments near a fault line. Assess the earthquake risk for this city and explain your reasoning.

High risk, because unconsolidated sediments amplify seismic waves

Low risk, because sediments absorb shock

No risk, because faults prevent earthquakes

Moderate risk, because sediments are stable

Suppose a new rift valley is forming on a continent. Predict the long-term geological changes that might occur in this region.

The rift will widen, possibly leading to the formation of a new ocean basin

The valley will fill with water and become a lake

The valley will disappear due to erosion

The rift will cause mountain formation

A tsunami warning is issued after a major undersea earthquake. What steps should coastal communities take to minimize loss of life, and why?

Evacuate to higher ground immediately, because tsunamis can arrive quickly and cause severe flooding

Ignore the warning, as tsunamis are rare

Go to the beach to watch the waves

Stay indoors and wait for further instructions

A scientist is studying two volcanoes: one with frequent, gentle lava flows and another with rare, explosive eruptions. What can the scientist infer about the magma composition at each volcano, and why?

The gentle volcano has low-silica magma; the explosive volcano has high-silica magma, which traps more gas

Both have the same magma composition

The explosive volcano has low-silica magma; the gentle volcano has high-silica magma

Magma composition does not affect eruption style

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Exploring Earth's Dynamic Systems

30 questions

Which layer of the Earth is the hottest?

What is the name of the rigid outermost layer of the Earth?

Which type of plate boundary is most commonly associated with earthquakes?

What is the main cause of a tsunami?

Which type of volcano is characterized by gentle slopes and built almost entirely of lava flows?

Which process is primarily responsible for the formation of fold mountains?

What is the main composition of the Earth's core?

Which plate boundary is most likely to create new oceanic crust?

Which of the following is NOT a type of plate boundary?

Which of the following is a direct result of subduction?

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