Which of the following is the most common cause of recurrent wheezing in children?

• Foreign Body Airway
  Obstruction

• Asthma

• Pneumonia

• Congenital heart disease

A 10-month-old infant presents with acute-onset wheezing. The clinical history reveals a prodrome of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms for the past two days. This presentation occurs during the winter season. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely?

• Gastroesophageal reflux

• Bronchiolitis

• Foreign Body Airway
  Obstruction

• Asthma

While both tracheomalacia and vascular rings can present with persistent wheezing that is affected by position, which feature is more specific to a vascular ring?

• Presence of a monophonic wheeze

• Onset early in infancy

• Improvement of symptoms in the prone position

• Poor response to bronchodilators

A 3-year-old boy has recurrent episodes of wheezing and cough that improve with bronchodilators. The most likely diagnosis is:

• Acute bronchiolitis

• Asthma

• Pneumothorax

• Laryngitis

A 7-year-old child presents with persistent wheezing unresponsive to bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Viral serology is negative. Sputum culture is pending. What additional laboratory investigations would you consider?

• Sweat chloride test, immunoglobulin quantification

• Only repeat CBC

• Chest CT and MRI brain

• Methacholine challenge test

What does the presence of eosinophilia on a complete blood count (CBC) suggest in children with wheezing?

• Viral infection

• Allergic disease or parasitic infection

• Bacterial pneumonia

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A 2-year-old child has recurrent wheezing requiring bronchodilator therapy. The mother had obesity before pregnancy. Which of the following statements best reflects current evidence?

• Obesity in pregnancy only increases the risk of maternal hypertension, not respiratory problems in the child

• Children of obese mothers are protected against wheezing due to higher birth weight

• Maternal weight before pregnancy has no effect on childhood wheezing

• Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity increases the risk of bronchodilator use in offspring by approximately 22%

A 4-year-old child presents with severe wheezing and respiratory distress. The physician is considering hospital admission. According to current evidence, which of the following is the most appropriate role of antibiotics in this case?

• Azithromycin may be considered in preschool children with severe wheezing at risk of hospitalization

• Antibiotics are not indicated because most wheezing episodes are viral in origin

• Prolonged antibiotics should be used in all cases of wheezing to prevent asthma

• Antibiotics are routinely recommended since wheezing is usually bacterial in origin

Which of the following history questions is most relevant in evaluating a wheezing child?

• “Does your child have itchy eyes or nose?”

• “Does the wheezing get worse at night or with exercise?”

• “Has your child recently traveled abroad?”

• “How many hours does your child sleep per night?”

A 2-year-old child presents with acute onset of wheezing after eating peanuts. The most likely diagnosis is:

• Bronchial asthma

• Viral bronchiolitis

• Foreign Body Airway
  Obstruction

• Allergic rhinitis