Which best describes meiosis compared to mitosis?

Produces 4 genetically different cells

Define anatomical position.

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat and forward.

Sitting with legs crossed, hands on knees, head bowed.

Lying on the back with arms above the head, feet apart.

Standing on one leg, arms raised overhead, palms facing each other.

Give the anatomical term for: a. Forehead b. Armpit c. Wrist d. Sole of foot

a. Frontal b. Axillary c. Carpal d. Plantar

a. Occipital b. Brachial c. Tarsal d. Palmar

a. Temporal b. Cubital c. Femoral d. Digital

a. Parietal b. Popliteal c. Patellar d. Calcaneal

Explain how the bicarbonate buffer system maintains blood pH.

Acts as a buffer by binding excess H+ when acidic (forms H+CO3-) or releasing H+ when basic, keeping blood at ~7.4.

It increases blood pH by producing more red blood cells.

It maintains pH by converting glucose to lactic acid.

It lowers blood pH by increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen.

Define Hydrolysis and give one example.

Breakdown of larger molecules using water Example: glucose + glucose ----> maltose + H2O

Formation of larger molecules using water Example: maltose + H2O ----> glucose + glucose

Define Dehydration Synthesis and give one example.

Formation of larger molecules by removing water. Example: protein ----> amino acid + amino acid + H2O

Breakdown of larger molecules by removing water. Example: amino acid + amino acid + H2O ----> protein

Compare Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion.

Both move down the concentration gradiant

facilitated diffusion required protein channels, while simple diffusion does not

facilitated diffusion does not require integral proteins, while simple diffusion does

Both move against concentration gradiant

Explain why phospholipids form a bilayer in water.

Hydrophilic heads face water, hydrophobic tails avoid water, forming bilayer.

Hydrophobic heads face water, hydrophilic tails avoid water, forming bilayer.

Phospholipids dissolve completely in water, forming a single layer.

Phospholipids form a solid structure in water due to ionic bonds.

What is the role of lysosomes? Which cells have many?

Contain digestive enzymes for breakdown; abundant in white blood cells.

Produce energy for the cell; abundant in muscle cells.

Store genetic material; abundant in nerve cells.

Synthesize proteins; abundant in liver cells.

What is the role of mitochondria? Which cells have many?

Produce ATP; abundant in muscle cells.

Store genetic information; abundant in nerve cells.

Synthesize proteins; abundant in skin cells.

Digest waste; abundant in red blood cells.

Explain difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine release hormones into blood (e.g., thyroid); exocrine release onto surface/duct (e.g., sweat gland).

Endocrine release enzymes into ducts; exocrine release hormones into blood.

Endocrine and exocrine glands both release hormones into the bloodstream.

Endocrine glands release sweat; exocrine glands release insulin.

What is homeostasis? Give one example.

Maintenance of stable internal environment. Example: Body temp regulation.

Process of cell division. Example: Mitosis.

Exchange of gases. Example: Breathing.

Production of energy. Example: Photosynthesis.

Explain difference between chromatin and chromosomes.

Chromatin is uncoiled DNA in interphase; chromosomes are condensed DNA during division.

Chromatin is found only in prokaryotes; chromosomes are found only in eukaryotes.

Chromatin is made of RNA; chromosomes are made of proteins.

Chromatin and chromosomes are identical structures with no differences.

Name two components of cytoskeleton and their functions.

Microtubules (support, transport, spindle fibers); Microfilaments (shape, movement).

Ribosomes (protein synthesis); Lysosomes (digestion).

Mitochondria (energy production); Golgi apparatus (packaging).

Nucleus (genetic control); Peroxisomes (detoxification).

What is osmosis? How is it different from diffusion?

Osmosis = diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane; diffusion = movement of solutes.

Osmosis = movement of solutes; diffusion = movement of water across semipermeable membrane.

Osmosis and diffusion are both the movement of gases only.

Osmosis = movement of particles from high to low concentration; diffusion = movement of water from low to high concentration.

Describe what happens to a red blood cell in pure water (0% NaCl).

Water enters cell, it swells and bursts (hemolysis).

Water leaves cell, it shrinks (crenation).

Cell divides into two smaller cells.

Explain negative feedback using body temperature as an example.

If temp rises, sweating cools body; if drops, shivering warms body; restores balance.

If temp rises, shivering cools body; if drops, sweating warms body; disrupts balance.

If temp rises, body stops all responses; if drops, body ignores changes; no balance restored.

If temp rises, heart rate decreases; if drops, heart rate increases; restores balance.

What is cytokinesis and how does it differ from mitosis?

Cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm after mitosis; mitosis = division of nucleus.

Cytokinesis = division of nucleus; mitosis = division of cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis and mitosis are the same process.

Cytokinesis = DNA replication; mitosis = cell growth.

Explain how the loss of contact inhibition can lead to cancer.

Normal cells stop dividing when crowded; cancer cells ignore this, leading to uncontrolled growth.

Cancer cells stop dividing when crowded, preventing tumor formation.

Loss of contact inhibition causes cells to die immediately upon touching other cells.

Contact inhibition increases the immune response, preventing cancer.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Exam 1

Authored by Skylar Swaby

Biology

University

NGSS covered

Used 4+ times

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Anatomy & Physiology 1 Exam 1

Arrange the following from smallest to largest:

Which organ system provides protection, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss?

Which body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Which cavity contains the heart?

The diaphragm separates the:

Which structure lines the thoracic cavity?

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Which is an example of negative feedback?

Which of the following is an organic compound?

A polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscle is:

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