What led to the development of civilizations according to the text?

• The invention of the wheel

• The foundation of agricultural communities and trade networks

• The discovery of fire

• The creation of written language

Where did the first civilizations form?

• China and Japan

• Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus River Valley

• Greece and Rome

• The Americas

What were common elements of all early civilizations?

• Advanced technology and space travel

• Cities, trade networks, organized governments, religious beliefs, art, and writing systems

• Internet and digital communication

• Modern transportation systems

What role did the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers play in Mesopotamia?

• They were used for recreational swimming

• They were natural highways and provided water for irrigation

• They were barriers that isolated the region

• They were sources of gold and silver

What is the definition of "oasis" as used in the text?

• A large desert

• A place in the desert where water is found

• A type of plant

• A mountain range

What does the word "Sumer" mean?

• The land of ancient rivers

• The land of civilized kings

• The land of great warriors

• The land of fertile plains

What is a city-state?

• A large country with many cities

• A city that is part of a larger empire

• An independent city with its own government

• A city ruled by a king

What was the first city-state in ancient Sumer?

• Babylon

• Ur

• Uruk

• Nineveh

What was the purpose of irrigation systems in Mesopotamia?

• To prevent floods

• To store water in reservoirs

• To bring water from the rivers to the fields

• To create drainage systems

Who were the scribes in ancient Sumer?

• Farmers

• Priests

• Recordkeepers

• Warriors