review for test 2

Which hormone decreases water loss in urine by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys? 

 

• Aldosterone

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 

• Cortisol 

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 

Answer explanation

Answer: B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 

Rationale: ADH acts on kidney tubules to conserve water, reducing urine output. Aldosterone also conserves water but does so indirectly by retaining sodium. 

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily functions to: 

 

• Lower blood calcium levels by promoting calcium storage in bone 

• Increase blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown and intestinal absorption 

• Regulate blood sugar levels 

• Increase water retention in the kidneys 

Answer explanation

Answer: B. Increase blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown and intestinal absorption 

Rationale: PTH increases serum calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity and promoting calcium absorption in the GI tract. 

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex, has which effect? 

 

 

• Decreases blood glucose levels 

• Increases blood glucose and suppresses the immune response 

• Stimulates calcium release from bone 

• Promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys 

Answer explanation

Answer: B. Increases blood glucose and suppresses the immune response 

Rationale: Cortisol is a stress hormone that raises blood sugar and inhibits inflammation and immunity. 

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, secreted by the adrenal medulla, cause all of the following EXCEPT: 

 

• Increased heart rate 

• Increased blood glucose 

• Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles 

• Decreased blood pressure 

Answer explanation

Answer: D. Decreased blood pressure 

Rationale: Catecholamines increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output. 

Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)? 

 

• Stimulate protein and lipid metabolism 

• Regulate carbohydrate metabolism 

• Inhibit coenzyme synthesis from vitamins

• Increase heat production 

Answer explanation

Answer: C. Inhibit coenzyme synthesis from vitamins 

Rationale: Thyroid hormones actually stimulate coenzyme synthesis, not inhibit it. 

A patient has low sodium, high potassium, and low blood pressure. Which adrenal hormone deficiency is most likely? 

 

• Cortisol 

• Aldosterone 

• Epinephrine

• Calcitonin 

Answer explanation

Answer: B. Aldosterone 

Rationale: Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance by reabsorbing sodium and excreting potassium in the kidneys. 

Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin? 

 

• Alpha cells 

• Beta cells

• Delta cells 

• Exocrine cells 

Answer explanation

Answer: B. Beta cells 

Rationale: Beta cells secrete insulin, while alpha cells secrete glucagon.

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary and is responsible for

• milk production

• water retention

• bone and muscle growth

• blood pressure regulation

Which of these hormones controls the concentration of urine?

• calcitonin
• ADH
• adrenaline
• noradrenaline

This hormone regulates water concentration.

• Insulin

• Glucagon

• Oxytocin

• Antidiuretic hormone