"In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another. Perhaps such a plan of constructing the several departments would be less difficult in practice than it may in contemplation appear. Some difficulties, however, and some additional expense would attend the execution of it. Some deviations, therefore, from the principle must be admitted. In the constitution of the judiciary department in particular, it might be inexpedient to insist rigorously on the principle: first, because peculiar qualifications being essential in the members, the primary consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which best secures these qualifications; secondly, because the permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that department, must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the authority conferring them." - from "The Federalist Papers : No. 51"

In this excerpt from "The Federalist Papers No. 51", James Madison explains the need for which of these?

• Three separate branches of American government (Judicial, Executive, & Legislative)

• Two separate American political parties (Federalist and Anti-Federalist)

• A "Leviathan", a very strong central government to control and order a population.

• Three levels of government (County, State, & Federal)

Which of these best describes a "primary source" and a "secondary source"?

• Secondary sources are by definition unreliable and primary sources are always the preferred and more reliable historical records.

• Primary sources are "first hand accounts", records of an event from someone who was physically present. Secondary sources typically mean opinions and analysis of a primary source, created by someone who was not physically present at an event.

• Primary sources are government records while secondary sources are produced by non-governmental experts.

• Primary sources are always used first in academic writing. Secondary sources are only properly used to explain or provide context to a primary source

Use the excerpt to answer the question.

“Article VIII: The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.

Article IX: All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before presecribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States.” - excerpts from Articles of Confederation, Continental Congress, 1781

In Article VIII, which of these is given the power to tax?

• The federal Legislative branch, including Congress

• The federal Executive Branch, including the President

• The federal Judicial Branch, including the US Supreme Court

• State legislatures, elected by their state's voters

Use the excerpt to answer the question:

Based on these two parts of the Articles of Confederation, in the first years of the United States, there was a belief that____________________________________?

“Article VIII: The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.

Article IX: All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before presecribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States.” - excerpts from Articles of Confederation, Continental Congress, 1781

• the Federal executive branch should resolve all colonies' land disputes

• a strong central (federal, national level) government was needed

• the American Revolution was seen as a failure by Americans at the time

• states should retain most power and control of governance

"He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good...

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people...He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures... For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us...For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world...For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent...." - from The Declaration of Independence

Use the excerpt above to answer the following question:

In the Declaration of Independence, whom is "He" referencing?

• Samuel Adams, leader of the Sons of Liberty

• Thomas Jefferson, leader of the Anti-Federalists

• King George III of England

• British Parliament

"He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good...

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people...He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures... For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us...For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world...For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent...." - from The Declaration of Independence

Use the excerpt to answer the following question:

The phrase "For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world" would MOST likely reference a law passed as a result of which event?

• Battles at Lexington and Concord

• The Boston Massacre

• The Boston Tea Party

• Colonists' "Olive Branch Petition" to England

"The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them, happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. 'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to "bind me in all cases whatsoever" to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other." - from Common Sense, Thomas Paine, January 10, 1776

Which of these BEST summarizes the message of this passage?

• Violence is never justifiable, even in self defense.

• Colonists should unite for their common defense against the Natives and French

• There comes a time when individuals and people groups are justified in defending their selves

• Patriots need to be prepared to use violence to defend themselves against the aggressive tactics of the Sons of Liberty

"The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them, happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. 'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to "bind me in all cases whatsoever" to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other." - from Common Sense, Thomas Paine, January 10, 1776

Based on your knowledge of American history, which of these events had not yet occurred when Thomas Paine published this excerpt from Common Sense?

• The Boston Tea Party

• Battles of Lexington and Concord

• Writing of the Declaration of Independence

• First Continental Congress

The Boston Massacre, 1770; The Battle of Lexington, 1775; Articles of Confederation ratified, 1781; Treaty of Paris signed, 1783. The dates and incidents listed are associated MOST closely with ____________________________.

• The Spanish American War

• Mercantilism

• The French and Indian War

• The American Revolution

The Treaty of Paris of 1783 resolved issues between Great Britain and the newly-formed America. What is one conflict that was NOT resolved by this treaty?

• The parallel marking the northern boundary of Florida was a point of dispute between America and Spain

• The boundary between present-day Mississippi and western Spanish territory had not been clearly defined

• The Natives living in the Natchez district refused to leave even though they agreed to relocate further west

• The French continued to occupy pockets of American territories, though they had already agreed to leave the U.S.