What is the primary role of genes in determining an organism's traits?

• Genes directly form the physical traits of an organism.

• Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins, which then influence traits.

• Genes transport pigments directly to the eyes to determine eye color.

• Genes are responsible for regulating the cell's energy production.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

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What is the definition of protein synthesis?

• The process of breaking down proteins into amino acids.

• The process by which DNA is replicated in the nucleus.

• The process of making proteins from the genetic information in DNA.

• The process of converting RNA into DNA.

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Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?

• Transporting substances across cell membranes.

• Providing structural support for cells and tissues.

• Acting as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions.

• Storing genetic information for inheritance.

How does RNA differ from DNA?

• RNA is generally double-stranded, while DNA is single-stranded.

• RNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while DNA contains ribose sugar.

• RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, and is generally single-stranded.

• RNA is found only in the nucleus, while DNA is found in the cytoplasm.

What are the two main steps of protein synthesis and where do they primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

• Replication (nucleus) and Transcription (cytoplasm).

• Transcription (nucleus) and Translation (ribosome/cytoplasm).

• Translation (nucleus) and Replication (ribosome/cytoplasm).

• Synthesis (cytoplasm) and Degradation (nucleus).

What is the main role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

• Carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

• Forming the structural component of ribosomes.

• Transporting specific amino acids to the ribosome.

• Unwinding the DNA double helix.

How many nucleotide bases make up a single codon on an mRNA molecule?

• One

• Two

• Three

• Four

Which mRNA codon typically initiates protein synthesis and codes for the amino acid Methionine?

• UAG

• CCA

• AUG

• UCU

Which statement accurately describes the genetic code regarding amino acid coding?

• Each codon codes for a unique amino acid.

• Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

• Only one codon exists for each amino acid.

• Codons are always read in pairs.

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What happens when a ribosome encounters a stop codon on an mRNA molecule?

• It signals the start of a new protein chain.

• It codes for a specific amino acid to be added.

• It indicates that protein synthesis is complete.

• It causes the mRNA molecule to be degraded.