WEEK 4

The Hague Rules mainly limited carrier liability to how much?

• 100-pound sterling per package/unit

• 500 SDR per package/unit

• Unlimited liability

• Gold ounces equivalent

The Hague-Visby Rules were established in which year?

• 1956

• 1968

• 1979

• 1984

Which is a problem with the original Hague Rules when containerisation started in 1956?

• They banned bulk cargo

• Confusion whether a container counted as one package or multiple units

• Required gold backing for liability

• No application to international trade

Under Hague-Visby Rules, which unit is used to calculate compensation since 1979 amendments?

• Gold ounces

• USD only

• Special Drawing Rights (SDR)

• Euro

A bill of lading is primarily evidence of:

• A financial loan

• A contract of carriage by sea

• Insurance policy

• Port authority license

Which of the following is NOT a function of a bill of lading?

• Evidence of contract of carriage

• Receipt of goods

• Title to the cargo

• Insurance guarantee

A unclaused B/L means:

• Cargo is stated “in apparent good order and condition”

• Cargo has defects

• Issued late

• Used for multimodal transport

A Claused B/L indicates:

• Cargo in good order

• Cargo has issues (e.g., wet, damaged)

• Cargo already delivered

• Cargo exempt from duty

A Stale B/L means:

• Presented after the 21-day presentation period

• Cargo lost

• Insurance expired

• Ship unseaworthy

A Multimodal B/L covers:

• Only sea transport

• At least two modes of transport

• Air transport only

• Inland waterways only