Benchmark 1 Review

A substitution occurred in DNA base pairs: A-T changed to A-C resulting in an altered trait. What substance was produced causing a change in the trait?

• protein

• lipid

• carbohydrate

• nucleic acid

Answer explanation

The substitution of A-T to A-C in DNA can lead to a different amino acid being produced during protein synthesis. This change in protein can alter traits, making 'protein' the correct answer.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

All humans have the same genes arranged in the same order. However, changes in the sequence of (a)   code for different proteins, making each person unique.

• amino acids

• base pairs

• phosphates

• sugars

Answer explanation

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Variations in the sequence of amino acids lead to different proteins, contributing to individual uniqueness, despite all humans sharing the same genes.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Type the correct answer to complete the sentence below. Inherited traits, such as hair color, eye color, or freckles, are determined by the genetic information that is passed to offspring from its parents. A __________ is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

• gene

• enzyme

• cell

• protein

Answer explanation

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a specific trait, such as hair color or eye color. This makes 'gene' the correct answer to complete the sentence.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Drag the genetic pathway to the correct order in which a physical characteristic is developed on the right.

• DNA

• protein

• trait

• RNA

• protein

• DNA

• RNA

• trait

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Drag the structure from the column on the left to the column on the right organizing the size of the structures from smallest to largest. [Use ALL choices] Order the following from smallest to largest:

• Chromosomes

• Genes

• Genes

• Chromosomes

• Nucleotides

• Nucleotides

Several students were having a discussion about the role of chromosomes in inheriting traits. Which statements made by the students provide the MOST accurate description?

• Chromosomes are the structures found in the nucleus of a cell. They are made from DNA, containing hereditary information in the form of genes that control how an organism will look and behave.

• Genes contain thousands of chromosomes that carry specific information about building proteins for a particular trait.

• Chromosomes are small sections of DNA that contain specific information about a trait to build proteins that people inherit. The thousands of different chromosomes passed from the parents allow for humans to look uniquely different.

• Chromosomes come in homologous pairs (one from each parent) that each contain thousands of genes, determining traits expressed in the offspring.

• Homologous chromosomes carry different gene sequences from each parent so the offspring may inherit more genes from one parent than they do from another parent.

Answer explanation

The correct statements accurately describe chromosomes as DNA structures in the nucleus that contain genes. They also explain homologous pairs from each parent, which determine inherited traits in offspring.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

What structure is indicated by the number “4”?

• a centriole

• a chromosome

• a microtubule

• a mitochondrion

Answer explanation

The number '4' typically refers to a chromosome, which is a structure that carries genetic information. Other options like centrioles, microtubules, and mitochondria do not correspond to this numerical designation.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

How many of these structures are usually found in the nucleus of the human body cell?

• 12

• 23

• 46

• 92

Answer explanation

Human body cells typically contain 46 chromosomes in their nucleus, organized in 23 pairs. This is the standard diploid number for human cells, making 46 the correct answer.

Human parents pass on genetic traits to their children through information that is found within their cells. Using the letters in the above image, which of the following is the correct order of organization of genetic information in the eukaryotic cell from the SMALLEST unit to the LARGEST?

• A. A - Chromosome, B - Gene, C - DNA

• B. B - Nucleotide, A - Chromosome, C - Gene

• C. C - Gene, B - DNA, A - Chromosome

• D. B - Gene, C - Nucleotide, A - Chromosome

Answer explanation

In eukaryotic cells, the organization of genetic information from smallest to largest is: Nucleotide (B) -> Gene (C) -> Chromosome (A). Thus, the correct order is C - Gene, B - DNA, A - Chromosome.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Where are these structures found in eukaryotic cells?

• ribosomes

• nucleus

• cell wall

• lysosomes

Answer explanation

Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, the cell wall is in plant cells, and lysosomes are in the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the correct answer as it houses the cell's genetic material and is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells.

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS1-1

NGSS.MS-LS1-2