English

The Two-Card system introduced:

• One card for the book and one for the borrower

• Two borrower cards only

• Two copies of accession registers

• Two library stamps per book

The Browne charging system was devised by:

• Nina E. Browne

• Samuel S. Green

• Ranganathan

• Melvil Dewey

The Browne system used:

• Temporary slips

• Borrower’s pockets and book cards

• Wooden dummies

• Punch cards

A major drawback of the Browne system was:

• Absence of a permanent record of loans

• Complexity of operations

• High cost of equipment

• Inability to identify borrowers

The Newark system originated in:

• New Jersey Public Library

• British Library

• Library of Congress

• Harvard University Library

The Newark system was considered:

• Inflexible and outdated

• Simple and adaptable

• Only suitable for small libraries

• A temporary replacement of Dummy system

Semi-mechanical charging systems used:

• Barcode scanning

• Pre-punched cards

• RFID tags

• Microchips

In semi-mechanical systems, a knitting needle was used to:

• Bind books

• Identify overdue items

• Record borrower details

• Verify membership

The Photocharge system recorded transactions using:

• Borrower slips

• Micro photos on film rolls

• Computer terminals

• Dummy books

A guarantor’s signature is required mostly in:

• Academic libraries

• Public libraries

• Special libraries

• Research libraries