What was a significant consequence of the Ottoman Empire's capture of Constantinople in 1453 for European nations?

• It led to the immediate decline of all European trade.

• It forced European kingdoms to find new sea routes to Asia.

• It resulted in a new alliance between European powers and the Ottoman Empire.

• It caused a major religious war across Europe.

What was a primary motivation for Portugal to begin exploring the African coast in the 15th century?

• To establish new religious missions and spread Christianity.

• To find new sources of food, salt, gold, and slaves.

• To form military alliances with African kingdoms against the Ottoman Empire.

• To discover new scientific knowledge about the world.

How did the Spanish Empire primarily differ from the Portuguese Empire in its approach to expansion?

• The Spanish focused on controlling trade routes, while the Portuguese established colonies.

• The Spanish focused on establishing colonies and controlling land, while the Portuguese controlled trade routes.

• Both empires focused equally on trade routes and colonization.

• The Spanish sought only religious conversion, while the Portuguese sought wealth.

From the perspective of indigenous people, what was a major negative impact of European colonization?

• They gained access to new technologies and goods.

• They experienced a loss of land, life, and cultural identity.

• They formed strong alliances with the European colonizers.

• They were able to expand their own empires and influence.

How many of the original 237 voyagers and five ships returned to Spain after Magellan's expedition?

• 237 men and 5 ships

• 18 men and 1 ship

• 50 men and 2 ships

• 100 men and 3 ships

What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire that Hernan Cortés eventually reached?

• Tenochtitlan

• Honduras

• Nicaragua

• Mexico City

What was the name of the treaty, sponsored by the Church, that settled land disputes between Spain and Portugal in 1494?

• The Treaty of Versailles

• The Treaty of Paris

• The Treaty of Tordesillas

• The Treaty of Lisbon

What was the most significant factor in the death of a large percentage of the indigenous American population after European contact?

• Warfare with European weaponry

• Enslavement by Europeans

• Lack of food due to European farming methods

• Diseases like smallpox and measles